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VIP
VIP
$50
VIP: 10MG
18 pieces in stock
VIP Description
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) is a widely distributed endogenous neuropeptide that exerts regulatory effects across the nervous system, immune system, and peripheral tissues. Its actions span multiple levels, including neural signaling, vascular tone regulation, and immune cell function modulation. Its mechanism involves binding to specific receptors to activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways, thereby facilitating coordination among the neuro-immune-vascular systems. Due to its cross-system regulatory properties, VIP is frequently employed in studies of systemic homeostasis, neuroimmune interactions, and complex signaling networks, holding significant importance in fundamental physiological regulation research.
Peptide Information
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Peptide Sequence | H-Lys-Glu-OH |
| Molecular Formula | C147H237N43O43S |
| Molecular Weight | 3326.8 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 40077-57-4 |
| PubChem CID | 16132300 |
| Synonyms | Vip human vip；Aviptadil |
VIP Research
What is the research background of VIP?
Research on VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) began with its discovery in living organisms. Initially isolated as a 28-amino acid peptide from pig duodenum, subsequent studies revealed its widespread distribution beyond the gastrointestinal tract—extending to the central and peripheral nervous systems and endocrine cells—where it functions as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone. As research deepened, it became clear that VIP plays vital roles in numerous physiological processes, including vasodilation, anti-inflammation, cell proliferation, hormone secretion, gastrointestinal motility regulation, and smooth muscle relaxation.
What are the mechanisms of action for VIP?
Mechanisms of Action on the Digestive System
Regulation of Gastrointestinal Motility: VIP relaxes gastrointestinal smooth muscle by binding to VPAC receptors on smooth muscle cells. This activates intracellular signaling pathways, leading to the activation of adenylate cyclase. This process promotes the conversion of ATP to cAMP, elevating intracellular cAMP levels. Ultimately, this causes smooth muscle relaxation, regulating the frequency and amplitude of gastrointestinal peristalsis and thereby controlling the propulsion of food through the gastrointestinal tract.
Promoting Digestive Fluid Secretion: In the pancreas, VIP stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete water and bicarbonate, creating an alkaline environment conducive to pancreatic enzyme activity. This mechanism involves binding to VPAC receptors on acinar cells, activating intracellular second messenger systems, and regulating ion channel and transporter activity to promote water and bicarbonate secretion. In the stomach and small intestine, VIP also promotes mucus and electrolyte secretion, protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa and maintaining normal digestive function[1].
Mechanisms of Action on the Cardiovascular System
Vasodilation: VIP acts on vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. By binding to receptors, it promotes the release of vasodilatory factors such as nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells or directly inhibits contraction in smooth muscle cells. This induces vasodilation, reduces peripheral vascular resistance, and regulates blood pressure. Under certain physiological or pathological conditions, increased VIP release occurs when the body requires enhanced local tissue blood supply, causing vasodilation in the corresponding area and increasing blood flow[2].
Mechanisms of Action on the Immune System
Immune Modulation: VIP exhibits bidirectional regulation of immune responses. During early inflammation, VIP suppresses the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β), mitigating excessive inflammatory reactions and protecting tissues from inflammatory damage. For example, in a herpes simplex virus keratitis model, exogenous VIP reduces neutrophil and CD4⁺ T cell infiltration, downregulates proinflammatory factors like myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin-17 (IL-17), thereby alleviating corneal inflammation. During the late phase of the immune response, VIP promotes the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β), facilitating the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair.
Figure 1 Effect of VIP on pumping of lymphatic vessels from the guinea pig mesentery[2].
What are the applications of VIP?
Anti-inflammatory effects: VIP exhibits distinct anti-inflammatory properties. It creates an anti-inflammatory microenvironment by modulating the functional profiles of monocytes, macrophages, and regulatory T cells. During pregnancy, VIP synthesized by trophoblast cells inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation, accelerates neutrophil apoptosis, and facilitates efficient phagocytic clearance, thereby maintaining immune homeostasis. VIP plays a role in treating inflammation-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis by modulating the body's inflammatory response and alleviating symptoms[3].
Regulation of Gastrointestinal Function: VIP plays a crucial role in regulating gastrointestinal physiology, involving vasodilation, hormone secretion, gastrointestinal motility regulation, and smooth muscle relaxation. Therefore, for disorders involving gastrointestinal motility dysfunction (e.g., functional dyspepsia, constipation, diarrhea), VIP may improve symptoms by regulating gastrointestinal motility and secretory functions. Additionally, in certain inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases, VIP's anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects also contribute to disease recovery [4].
Neurological Disorders: VIP is distributed throughout both the central and peripheral nervous systems, functioning as a key neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in regulating diverse physiological processes. In neurological diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), research indicates that abnormalities in VIP and its receptors correlate with disease progression. Modulating VIP levels or receptor function may offer novel therapeutic avenues for these conditions. Furthermore, during nerve repair processes like spinal cord injury, VIP may exert neuroprotective and reparative effects by promoting neuronal survival, proliferation, and differentiation[4,5].
Cardiovascular Diseases: Given its vasodilatory properties, VIP influences cardiovascular system function. In the treatment research of certain cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and coronary heart disease, VIP may exert positive therapeutic effects by dilating blood vessels, reducing peripheral vascular resistance, and improving myocardial blood supply. However, its clinical application in cardiovascular disease treatment currently faces numerous challenges, such as issues related to VIP stability and targeting[4].
Conclusion
In disease treatment, VIP's anti-inflammatory properties can modulate the immune microenvironment, offering intervention strategies for inflammatory conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Its regulation of gastrointestinal motility and secretion can improve gastrointestinal dysmotility disorders. In neurodegenerative diseases, its neuroprotective and restorative effects may aid treatment exploration for Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, its vasodilatory function contributes to cardiovascular disease research.
For Research Use Only
This compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.
Disclaimer
All information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.
Terms of Sale
By purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.
ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE SOLELY FOR INFORMATION DISSEMINATION AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.
The products provided on this website are intended exclusively for in vitro research. In vitro research (Latin: *in glass*, meaning in glassware) is conducted outside the human body. These products are not pharmaceuticals, have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and must not be used to prevent, treat, or cure any medical condition, disease, or ailment. It is strictly prohibited by law to introduce these products into the human or animal body in any form.
Polypeptide Purity Control and Verification Technical System
Humatide.com provides peptides with purity exceeding 99%. Humatide achieves precise control and scientific verification of polypeptide purity by integrating advanced technologies and a full-process quality control system: In the synthesis stage, automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is employed to accurately assemble amino acid sequences. A gradient purification strategy ranging from medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) to preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC) is utilized, optimizing mobile phase composition and elution conditions based on the physicochemical properties of the target peptide (hydrophobicity, charge distribution, etc.) to efficiently remove impurities. For purity detection, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) serves as the core technique, separating components through the distribution difference of molecules between the stationary phase (hydrophobic packing) and the mobile phase (polar solvent). Purity is determined via retention time matching and peak area normalization. Meanwhile, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is combined to precisely verify the molecular weight and composition through mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) analysis, eliminating structurally heterogeneous impurities. Quality management covers the entire chain from raw material acceptance, synthesis process monitoring to finished product release. A continuous quality fingerprint is constructed using multi-dimensional indicators (HPLC purity, MS molecular weight, solvent residue, etc.), and batch data traceability is achieved through a laboratory information management system (LIMS), ensuring each batch meets the prespecified purity standards. This system provides a reliable technical guarantee for preparing high-purity polypeptides through the organic integration of process optimization, multi-dimensional detection, and full-process quality control.
Concepts of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS)
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a separation technology widely used by Humatide for peptide purification. Driven by a high-pressure pump, the mobile phase carries samples through a chromatographic column packed with a specific stationary phase, achieving separation based on differences in the distribution coefficients of components between the two phases. It features high separation efficiency, fast analysis speed, and strong detection sensitivity, enabling precise capture of subtle differences between target peptides and impurities such as sequence analogs or deletion peptides.
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical method that converts peptide molecules into gas-phase ions through ionization technology and separates/detects ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). It can accurately determine the molecular weight of peptides and infer amino acid sequences through fragment ion information, serving as a key technology for verifying peptide structural correctness. The combination of these two techniques allows Humatide to establish a complete quality control system from both purity separation and structural confirmation perspectives. Both methods are high-precision peptide detection technologies that scientifically demonstrate the purity and composition of peptides ordered from Humatide.com.
Humatide is committed to translating cutting-edge analytical technologies into tangible quality assurance. Our peptide synthesis laboratories are equipped with high-resolution mass spectrometers and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography systems. Through real-time detection and data comparison of samples at each production stage, we continuously optimize synthesis processes to ensure every peptide product is delivered to customers with exceptional purity.
Recommended Peptide Purity Levels
Humatide provides only the highest-purity peptides (purity ≥99%) for research and development. The minimum recommended peptide purity level for specific applications depends on the application:
• In biochemical research, peptides used for enzyme activity analysis typically require ≥85% purity.
• In drug development, peptides for preclinical trials must meet >98% high-purity standards to ensure biological activity and safety.
• For diagnostic applications (e.g., antigen peptides in immunoassays), recommended purity is 90%-95% to guarantee detection specificity and sensitivity.
Humatide is confident in the quality of all our products, implementing strict quality monitoring at every stage of peptide synthesis—from crude peptide purification to final product release. Through multi-step purification and verification processes, we ensure each batch meets or exceeds the purity requirements for specific applications. Examples of acceptable minimum purity levels are as follows:
High Purity (>95%)
• Polypeptide drug research and production
• Preparation of targeted therapeutic drugs
• Raw materials for biological diagnostic reagents (e.g., ELISA, immunoassay kits)
• Development of polypeptide vaccines (therapeutic/preventive)
• Preparation of targeting peptides for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)
• Polypeptide reagents for life science research (e.g., receptor agonists/antagonists)
• Research on targeting peptide modification for gene therapy vectors
• Development of polypeptide antibiotics/antimicrobial peptides
• Preparation of polypeptide hormone analogs (e.g., insulin analogs)
• Reference standards for biomarker detection
• Research on cell culture additives
• Synthetic peptides for protein structure analysis and functional studies
Moderate Purity (>85%)
• Early-stage activity screening in polypeptide drug research
• Peptide additives for industrial enzymes
• Signal peptide raw materials
• Surface modification of biomaterials (e.g., medical catheters, tissue engineering scaffolds)
• Preparation of agricultural antimicrobial peptides
• Cell adhesion research
• Raw materials for polypeptide surfactants/detergents
• Polypeptide reagents for preliminary mechanistic research in scientific studies
Lower Purity (>70%)
• Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies
• Initial verification of protein binding
• Primary cytotoxicity screening
• High-throughput screening of polypeptide drug lead compounds
Please note
**We are not responsible for reconstitution or any issue that arise from it**
High-purity polypeptides are suitable for scenarios requiring strict purity. The ultra-high-purity peptides provided by Humatide can meet and exceed all prespecified purity standards.
Humatide Shipping & Delivery
Shipping Methods & Delivery Times
Standard handling is 24 hours excluding Holidays and Weekends
International Shipping – Not available at this time.
The explained transit time are not guaranteed. Humatide is not responsible nor will refunds be given due to transit delays.
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Carrier Delays
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- Severe weather
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- Events outside our control
- Extended transit times in rural areas
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Address Accuracy
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We’re happy to assist with a carrier claim, but Humatide is not liable for lost or stolen packages after confirmed delivery.
Returns & Exchanges
Refund Policy
Due to the sensitive nature of research products, all sales are final.
We cannot accept returns or issue refunds once an order has been shipped. This policy helps ensure product integrity and safety for all of our research partners.
Damaged or Defective Items
If your order is damaged and you declined shipping protection we can only provide you with up to $100 in store credit. If you did select shipment protection we will replace any damaged good and ship out replacements at no cost. If your order is incorrect, or missing items, please contact us within 48 hours of delivery so we can resolve the issue. Please provide photos of the damaged items.
Lost or Stolen Shipments
If your order is lost or stolen and you declined shipping protection the maximum credit we can give you is $100 in store credit. If you did select shipment protection we will replace the entire order if it's been lost at no charge if it is lost or stolen. Please contact us within 48 hours of delivery so we can work with UPS to help resolve the issue.
Final Sale Items
All sales are final and products are not eligible for return or exchange.
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To View the latest Certificate of Analysis (CoA) click the "View Latest 3rd Party Certificate of Analysis" button on the product page. Please use that if you are looking to buy as that is the batch you'll receive if you place an order. The QRCode will give you the Batch ID/Lot Number which is matched on the CoA to validate that CoA matches your specific vial. If you happen to get a vial that is from a previous batch select the "Previous Batch 3rd Party Certificate of Analysis" if your Batch ID doesn't match the latest CoA.
All CoA are searchable via the respective testers' website.
ILS Labs Verification is available on their website at:
To validate the CoA on the ILS Labs website enter the Access Code that is located on the bottom of the CoA that is shown on our website.
We also use MDx Biolabs, verification is available via their website at:
https://mdxbiolabs.com/certificates-of-analysis
To find validate the CoA on the MDx Biolabs website enter the COA number which is located at the bottom of the CoA that is shown on our website.
VIP
10MG
$50
