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Thymosin Alpha-1
Thymosin Alpha-1
$40
Thymosin Alpha-1: 10MG
18 pieces in stock
Thymosin Alpha-1 Description
Thymosin Alpha-1 (Thymalfasin), a naturally occurring polypeptide in the thymus composed of 28 amino acids, possesses immunomodulatory functions. It regulates immune system function by enhancing the Th1 immune response and promoting the differentiation and maturation of T cells. Thymosin Alpha-1 has demonstrated therapeutic potential in various diseases, including chronic hepatitis B and C, AIDS, primary immunodeficiency diseases, and cancer. Additionally, it exhibits significant effects in enhancing vaccine responses and improving immunological dysfunction. Its advantages lie in high safety, good tolerability, and the ability to enhance the body's defense against infections and tumors through immune system regulation, particularly holding important clinical application value in immunocompromised or immunodysregulated conditions.
Peptide Information
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Peptide Sequence | Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-OH |
| Molecular Formula | C129H215N33O55 |
| Molecular Weight | 3108.3 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 62304-98-7 |
| PubChem CID | 16130571 |
| Synonyms | GThymalfasin；Zadaxin |
Thymosin Alpha-1 Research
What is Thymosin Alpha-1?
Thymosin Alpha-1 is a polypeptide composed of 28 amino acids. It naturally exists in the thymus and plays a crucial role in the maturation and differentiation process of T cells.
What is the research background of Thymosin Alpha-1?
Thymosin Alpha-1 is a bioactive polypeptide isolated and purified from thymosin fraction 5, consisting of 28 amino acids. The thymus is an important organ of the immune system, which produces various substances that regulate immune function, and thymosin is one of them. With the in-depth study of the functions of the thymus, people have gradually realized that the active components in it may have potential value for the treatment of various diseases.
What is the mechanism of action of Thymosin Alpha-1?
Immunomodulation:
Thymosin Alpha-1 is a biological response modifier that can activate various cells in the immune system. It mainly regulates immune function by enhancing the differentiation and maturation of T cells (Sjogren M H, 2004; Mao L, 2023). Specifically, Thymosin Alpha-1 may affect thymocytes by stimulating their differentiation or transforming them into active T cells.
Anti-inflammatory mechanism:
In the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia, Thymosin Alpha-1 accelerates the recovery from pneumonia through its anti-inflammatory mechanism. It can reduce the inflammatory response, promote the alleviation of COVID-19 pneumonia-related symptoms such as fever and fatigue, facilitate the absorption of exudate, and accelerate the recovery from COVID-19 pneumonia (Wang Z, 2023).
How does Thymalfasin induce the apoptosis of tumor cells in cancer treatment?
Enhancing the activity of immune cells:
Thymalfasin is a synthetic thymopeptide with high immune-enhancing activity. It can enhance the killing effect of immune cells on tumor cells, thereby indirectly inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells. For example, in the tumor microenvironment, Thymalfasin can promote the differentiation and maturation of T cells and enhance the activity of T cells. As an important part of the immune system, T cells can recognize and attack tumor cells, inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells by releasing cytotoxic substances and other means.
Regulating the immune response:
As an immunopotentiator, Thymalfasin can regulate the immune response and induce the apoptosis of tumor cells. It can enhance the Th1 immune response. Th1 cells mainly secrete cytokines such as IFN-γ, which can directly act on tumor cells and induce their apoptosis. In addition, Thymalfasin can also regulate the functions of other immune cells, such as enhancing the activity of NK cells. NK cells can directly kill tumor cells and also induce the apoptosis of tumor cells by secreting cytokines and other methods[1].
Improving the immunosuppression during anti-tumor treatment:
During the process of tumor treatment, patients often experience immunosuppression, which will affect the effectiveness of tumor treatment. Thymalfasin can improve the immunosuppression generated during anti-tumor treatment, enhance the ability of the immune system to attack tumor cells, and thus induce the apoptosis of tumor cells. For example, during chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the patient's immune system will be damaged to a certain extent. Thymalfasin can promote the recovery and proliferation of immune cells, improve the function of the immune system, and enhance the killing effect on tumor cells.
Thymosin alpha 1 has a wide range of biological activities.
Source:PubMed[6]
What are the applications of Thymalfasin?
Viral infections:
Due to its immunomodulatory effect, Thymosin Alpha-1 is often used to treat viral infections. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, it has shown good clinical efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. Research shows that Thymosin Alpha-1 can prevent the progression of common COVID-19 infections to severe pneumonia through various immune-enhancing and anti-inflammatory protection mechanisms[2]. Specifically, for patients treated with Thymosin Alpha-1, the hospital stay was significantly shortened, the proportion of relief of pneumonia-related symptoms (such as fever and fatigue) was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the area of inflammatory exudation shown by CT was also significantly lower than that of the control group[2]. In addition, multivariate Cox model analysis showed that the patients who used Thymosin Alpha-1 and the younger patients had a significantly faster negative conversion rate of COVID-19 antigens[2]. Tα1 (the main component of Thymosin Alpha-1) increased the CD4+ T cell count in patients with low-flow oxygen inhalation support at baseline faster than standard treatment, and may play a role in the treatment of hospitalized patients with hypoxemia and lymphopenia caused by COVID-19[3].
Treatment of hepatitis:
Thymosin Alpha-1 also has a certain effect in the treatment of hepatitis. It can be used as a monotherapy for hepatitis B or in combination with interferon α-2b for the treatment of hepatitis C. Specifically, a study found that in the treatment of hepatitis B, the efficacy of Thymosin Alpha-1 was evaluated in four clinical trials involving 195 patients. In one of the studies, 9 out of 17 patients treated with Thymosin Alpha-1 had hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA clearance at six months, compared with 10 out of 16 patients treated with interferon α-2b and 4 out of 15 patients in the historical control group.
Adjuvant treatment: Thymosin Alpha-1 is also widely used in cancer treatment. For patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and liver cancer, in adjuvant treatment, Thymosin Alpha-1 can significantly improve the overall survival rate (OS) (Mao L, 2023). For patients with locally advanced unresectable NSCLC, Thymosin Alpha-1 can significantly reduce lymphopenia and pneumonia caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and there is a trend of improving OS[4].
Enhancing anti-tumor immunity:
Preclinical evidence shows that Thymosin Alpha-1 may reverse the M2 polarization induced by the efferocytosis of macrophages by activating the TLR7/SHIP1 axis, enhance the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy, and enhance anti-tumor immunity by transforming "cold tumors" into "hot tumors" (Mao L, 2023). In addition, Thymosin Alpha-1 also has a protective effect in reducing colitis caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and may enhance the clinical efficacy of ICIs[4]. Tα1 as adjuvant treatment after liver cancer resection may improve the prognosis of patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma. In a retrospective cohort study, patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent liver resection were divided into two groups, group A (resection + Tα1) and group B (resection only). After a median follow-up of 47.0 months, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates and recurrence-free survival rates of patients in group A were higher than those in group B. Multivariate analysis showed that Tα1 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival rate and recurrence-free survival rate[5].
Restoring immune function and vaccine enhancement:
Thymosin Alpha-1 can be used to treat immunocompromised states and malignancies and as an enhancer of vaccine responses[4, 6]. It can regulate the immune system and enhance T cell function, and may have clinical benefits for diseases with impaired or ineffective immune function such as acute and chronic infections, cancer, and vaccine non-response[4]. Studies have proven that in severe sepsis, Thymosin Alpha-1 has been shown to restore immune function and help reduce the mortality rate of patients[4].
Preventing COVID-19 infections and complications in patients undergoing renal dialysis:
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving hemodialysis (HD) are considered particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV2 infection due to factors such as older age, comorbidity burden, drug use, and the need to visit dialysis clinics frequently. Early studies have shown that Thymosin Alpha-1, as an adjuvant to the influenza vaccine, can enhance the antibody response of the elderly population (including HD patients) to the influenza vaccine and reduce influenza infections. In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers speculated that administering Thymosin Alpha-1 to HD patients could reduce the incidence and severity of COVID-19 infections. As of July 1, 2022, 254 ESRD/HD patients from five dialysis centers in Kansas City, Missouri were included in the study, of which 194 patients were randomly divided into group A (subcutaneous injection of 1.6mg Thymosin Alpha-1 twice a week for 8 weeks) and group B (control group, without receiving Thymosin Alpha-1)[7].
In conclusion, as a polypeptide with unique immunomodulatory functions, Thymosin Alpha-1 has shown potential applications in many aspects in the medical field. In the treatment of viral infections, it has a significant effect on diseases such as hepatitis B and COVID-19. It can not only accelerate the alleviation of symptoms and reduce inflammation but also prevent the progression of the disease and improve the recovery rate of patients. In terms of tumor treatment, it can induce the apoptosis of tumor cells through multiple pathways, enhance the killing effect of immune cells on tumor cells, and improve the immunosuppressive state, showing positive performance in the treatment of various cancers such as lung cancer and liver cancer.
For Research Use Only
This compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.
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Polypeptide Purity Control and Verification Technical System
Humatide.com provides peptides with purity exceeding 99%. Humatide achieves precise control and scientific verification of polypeptide purity by integrating advanced technologies and a full-process quality control system: In the synthesis stage, automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is employed to accurately assemble amino acid sequences. A gradient purification strategy ranging from medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) to preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC) is utilized, optimizing mobile phase composition and elution conditions based on the physicochemical properties of the target peptide (hydrophobicity, charge distribution, etc.) to efficiently remove impurities. For purity detection, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) serves as the core technique, separating components through the distribution difference of molecules between the stationary phase (hydrophobic packing) and the mobile phase (polar solvent). Purity is determined via retention time matching and peak area normalization. Meanwhile, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is combined to precisely verify the molecular weight and composition through mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) analysis, eliminating structurally heterogeneous impurities. Quality management covers the entire chain from raw material acceptance, synthesis process monitoring to finished product release. A continuous quality fingerprint is constructed using multi-dimensional indicators (HPLC purity, MS molecular weight, solvent residue, etc.), and batch data traceability is achieved through a laboratory information management system (LIMS), ensuring each batch meets the prespecified purity standards. This system provides a reliable technical guarantee for preparing high-purity polypeptides through the organic integration of process optimization, multi-dimensional detection, and full-process quality control.
Concepts of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS)
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a separation technology widely used by Humatide for peptide purification. Driven by a high-pressure pump, the mobile phase carries samples through a chromatographic column packed with a specific stationary phase, achieving separation based on differences in the distribution coefficients of components between the two phases. It features high separation efficiency, fast analysis speed, and strong detection sensitivity, enabling precise capture of subtle differences between target peptides and impurities such as sequence analogs or deletion peptides.
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical method that converts peptide molecules into gas-phase ions through ionization technology and separates/detects ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). It can accurately determine the molecular weight of peptides and infer amino acid sequences through fragment ion information, serving as a key technology for verifying peptide structural correctness. The combination of these two techniques allows Humatide to establish a complete quality control system from both purity separation and structural confirmation perspectives. Both methods are high-precision peptide detection technologies that scientifically demonstrate the purity and composition of peptides ordered from Humatide.com.
Humatide is committed to translating cutting-edge analytical technologies into tangible quality assurance. Our peptide synthesis laboratories are equipped with high-resolution mass spectrometers and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography systems. Through real-time detection and data comparison of samples at each production stage, we continuously optimize synthesis processes to ensure every peptide product is delivered to customers with exceptional purity.
Recommended Peptide Purity Levels
Humatide provides only the highest-purity peptides (purity ≥99%) for research and development. The minimum recommended peptide purity level for specific applications depends on the application:
• In biochemical research, peptides used for enzyme activity analysis typically require ≥85% purity.
• In drug development, peptides for preclinical trials must meet >98% high-purity standards to ensure biological activity and safety.
• For diagnostic applications (e.g., antigen peptides in immunoassays), recommended purity is 90%-95% to guarantee detection specificity and sensitivity.
Humatide is confident in the quality of all our products, implementing strict quality monitoring at every stage of peptide synthesis—from crude peptide purification to final product release. Through multi-step purification and verification processes, we ensure each batch meets or exceeds the purity requirements for specific applications. Examples of acceptable minimum purity levels are as follows:
High Purity (>95%)
• Polypeptide drug research and production
• Preparation of targeted therapeutic drugs
• Raw materials for biological diagnostic reagents (e.g., ELISA, immunoassay kits)
• Development of polypeptide vaccines (therapeutic/preventive)
• Preparation of targeting peptides for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)
• Polypeptide reagents for life science research (e.g., receptor agonists/antagonists)
• Research on targeting peptide modification for gene therapy vectors
• Development of polypeptide antibiotics/antimicrobial peptides
• Preparation of polypeptide hormone analogs (e.g., insulin analogs)
• Reference standards for biomarker detection
• Research on cell culture additives
• Synthetic peptides for protein structure analysis and functional studies
Moderate Purity (>85%)
• Early-stage activity screening in polypeptide drug research
• Peptide additives for industrial enzymes
• Signal peptide raw materials
• Surface modification of biomaterials (e.g., medical catheters, tissue engineering scaffolds)
• Preparation of agricultural antimicrobial peptides
• Cell adhesion research
• Raw materials for polypeptide surfactants/detergents
• Polypeptide reagents for preliminary mechanistic research in scientific studies
Lower Purity (>70%)
• Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies
• Initial verification of protein binding
• Primary cytotoxicity screening
• High-throughput screening of polypeptide drug lead compounds
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High-purity polypeptides are suitable for scenarios requiring strict purity. The ultra-high-purity peptides provided by Humatide can meet and exceed all prespecified purity standards.
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Thymosin Alpha-1
10MG
$40
