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AICAR
AICAR Description
AICAR is an analogue of adenosine monophosphate, which is a natural molecule, while the peptide itself can be synthesized in the laboratory. Its main function is the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in adipocytes (fat cells), hepatocytes (liver cells), skeletal muscle, and many other tissues. Activation of this enzyme achieves various effects and potential beneficial properties. One of them is the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and the inhibition of various pro-inflammatory cytokines.
In addition to acting as a metabolic regulator, it can also inhibit anabolic processes. Another crucial effect is reflected in the promotion of differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into active cell forms, as well as the inhibition of certain enzymes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase, malonyl-CoA) and the increase in fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. Due to these properties that the peptide exerts on the body, AICAR is considered a potential part of therapy for diabetes type 2 (by increasing the metabolic activity of tissues). It can also be used to protect against cardiac ischemia that occurs after a heart attack or in cases of heart failure. The peptide also has antioxidant properties that are crucial to potentially slowing down the physiological signs of aging. Numerous studies are underway on the use of this compound in many autoimmune diseases, cancers, and other inflammatory conditions.
Peptide Information
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Peptide Sequence | Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro |
| Molecular Formula | C9H15N4O8P |
| Molecular Weight | 338.21 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 3031-94-5 |
| PubChem CID | 65110 |
| Synonyms | AICA ribonucleotide, Z-nucleotide |
AICAR and Cardioprotective Effect
The cardioprotective effect is extremely beneficial, and since there were scientific assumptions that AICAR had such a property, studies were conducted to determine this.
One of the many studies used a molecule known as doxorubicin (DOX). This powerful chemotherapeutic agent causes serious cardiotoxic effects and dangers to the cardiovascular system that can lead to heart failure. DOX was used to cause heart damage and induce a state of heart failure in the rats used for this study, and then the animals were treated with AICAR. Adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase (AMPK) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis (and thus energy metabolism) and enhances fatty acid oxidation. Scientists hypothesized that impaired mitochondrial function could be crucial to the cardiotoxic effect caused by DOX, so they attempted to restore mitochondrial function by activating AMPK, which led to a cardioprotective effect. Since the main function of AICAR is to activate this enzyme, the peptide could lead to an improvement in the case of heart failure.
The results of the study showed that AICAR could improve cardiac systolic function and cardiac mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. A key potential effect of this peptide is preventing myocardial mass loss. In rats treated with DOX, pathways related to protein synthesis were disrupted, and after treatment with this peptide, they were normalized.
This treatment also prevented dyslipidemia and excessive body weight loss, which may be crucial in preserving myocardial mass. Therefore, AICAR can potentially be used as a cardioprotective agent in heart failure to preserve cardiac function and mass.
Potential Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a disease of glucose metabolism in which insulin receptors become resistant to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Treatment options primarily include diet and sometimes drug therapy. This study aimed to examine the effect of AICAR, whose main function is the activation of AMPK, and its effect on metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. This condition was induced by a high-fat diet in the mice model used for the study. The parameters monitored were body weight, glucose, and insulin levels. Internal organs and visceral fat were also assessed.
All animals showed signs of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes, weight gain, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased abdominal fat volume, and changes in internal organs. Treatment with AICAR resulted in a reduction in body weight, abdominal fat mass, and improved visceral image. Inflammation in adipose tissue results from insulin resistance, and AICAR can reduce tissue inflammation and thus improve insulin receptor sensitivity. As a result of this mechanism of action, blood sugar homeostasis could be normalized. This peptide has shown potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
Anti-Inflammatory Properties
The anti-inflammatory effect is helpful because it can be used for any condition that has an inflammatory process as its cause. Scientists have studied the effect of this peptide on various conditions, one of which was chronic pain, and inflammation can often be the cause. Scientists assumed that the activation of AMPK could alleviate the intensity of pain, and knowing that AICAR is the main activator of this enzyme, they monitored the therapeutic effect of the peptide on this condition. The assumption was that the mechanism of action could be achieved by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β). The immune response in experimental animals is easily induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). This molecule is a driver of pathological changes and causes inflammatory pain. Four days after pain induction and the application of AICAR, the main parameters (most reflect the intensity of pain) were measured.
In the results, peptides showed analgesic effects and reduced pain intensity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. Scientists assume that due to the reduction of interleukin-1β expression and, in general, the activation of AMPK, this amino acid sequence may have a potential therapeutic effect on chronic inflammatory pain.
Cancer Research
AMPK is believed to have many effects on reducing the amount of cancer cells and tumor survival rates. Scientists assume that by activating this enzyme, tumor cells that are exposed to this environment will start to die over time, slowing down their metabolism. AICAR (as the main activator of this enzyme) can be used together with other chemotherapy drugs to further enhance its effect.
The results of studies on rat models have shown that the peptide can potentially reduce the dosage of other chemotherapeutic drugs, reduce their side effects, and also act on tumors that are not recommended for chemotherapy.
For Research Use Only
This compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.
Disclaimer
All information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.
Terms of Sale
By purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.
ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE SOLELY FOR INFORMATION DISSEMINATION AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.
The products provided on this website are intended exclusively for in vitro research. In vitro research (Latin: *in glass*, meaning in glassware) is conducted outside the human body. These products are not pharmaceuticals, have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and must not be used to prevent, treat, or cure any medical condition, disease, or ailment. It is strictly prohibited by law to introduce these products into the human or animal body in any form.
Polypeptide Purity Control and Verification Technical System
Humatide.com provides peptides with purity exceeding 99%. Humatide achieves precise control and scientific verification of polypeptide purity by integrating advanced technologies and a full-process quality control system: In the synthesis stage, automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is employed to accurately assemble amino acid sequences. A gradient purification strategy ranging from medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) to preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC) is utilized, optimizing mobile phase composition and elution conditions based on the physicochemical properties of the target peptide (hydrophobicity, charge distribution, etc.) to efficiently remove impurities. For purity detection, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) serves as the core technique, separating components through the distribution difference of molecules between the stationary phase (hydrophobic packing) and the mobile phase (polar solvent). Purity is determined via retention time matching and peak area normalization. Meanwhile, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is combined to precisely verify the molecular weight and composition through mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) analysis, eliminating structurally heterogeneous impurities. Quality management covers the entire chain from raw material acceptance, synthesis process monitoring to finished product release. A continuous quality fingerprint is constructed using multi-dimensional indicators (HPLC purity, MS molecular weight, solvent residue, etc.), and batch data traceability is achieved through a laboratory information management system (LIMS), ensuring each batch meets the prespecified purity standards. This system provides a reliable technical guarantee for preparing high-purity polypeptides through the organic integration of process optimization, multi-dimensional detection, and full-process quality control.
Concepts of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS)
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a separation technology widely used by Humatide for peptide purification. Driven by a high-pressure pump, the mobile phase carries samples through a chromatographic column packed with a specific stationary phase, achieving separation based on differences in the distribution coefficients of components between the two phases. It features high separation efficiency, fast analysis speed, and strong detection sensitivity, enabling precise capture of subtle differences between target peptides and impurities such as sequence analogs or deletion peptides.
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical method that converts peptide molecules into gas-phase ions through ionization technology and separates/detects ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). It can accurately determine the molecular weight of peptides and infer amino acid sequences through fragment ion information, serving as a key technology for verifying peptide structural correctness. The combination of these two techniques allows Humatide to establish a complete quality control system from both purity separation and structural confirmation perspectives. Both methods are high-precision peptide detection technologies that scientifically demonstrate the purity and composition of peptides ordered from Humatide.com.
Humatide is committed to translating cutting-edge analytical technologies into tangible quality assurance. Our peptide synthesis laboratories are equipped with high-resolution mass spectrometers and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography systems. Through real-time detection and data comparison of samples at each production stage, we continuously optimize synthesis processes to ensure every peptide product is delivered to customers with exceptional purity.
Recommended Peptide Purity Levels
Humatide provides only the highest-purity peptides (purity ≥99%) for research and development. The minimum recommended peptide purity level for specific applications depends on the application:
• In biochemical research, peptides used for enzyme activity analysis typically require ≥85% purity.
• In drug development, peptides for preclinical trials must meet >98% high-purity standards to ensure biological activity and safety.
• For diagnostic applications (e.g., antigen peptides in immunoassays), recommended purity is 90%-95% to guarantee detection specificity and sensitivity.
Humatide is confident in the quality of all our products, implementing strict quality monitoring at every stage of peptide synthesis—from crude peptide purification to final product release. Through multi-step purification and verification processes, we ensure each batch meets or exceeds the purity requirements for specific applications. Examples of acceptable minimum purity levels are as follows:
High Purity (>95%)
• Polypeptide drug research and production
• Preparation of targeted therapeutic drugs
• Raw materials for biological diagnostic reagents (e.g., ELISA, immunoassay kits)
• Development of polypeptide vaccines (therapeutic/preventive)
• Preparation of targeting peptides for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)
• Polypeptide reagents for life science research (e.g., receptor agonists/antagonists)
• Research on targeting peptide modification for gene therapy vectors
• Development of polypeptide antibiotics/antimicrobial peptides
• Preparation of polypeptide hormone analogs (e.g., insulin analogs)
• Reference standards for biomarker detection
• Research on cell culture additives
• Synthetic peptides for protein structure analysis and functional studies
Moderate Purity (>85%)
• Early-stage activity screening in polypeptide drug research
• Peptide additives for industrial enzymes
• Signal peptide raw materials
• Surface modification of biomaterials (e.g., medical catheters, tissue engineering scaffolds)
• Preparation of agricultural antimicrobial peptides
• Cell adhesion research
• Raw materials for polypeptide surfactants/detergents
• Polypeptide reagents for preliminary mechanistic research in scientific studies
Lower Purity (>70%)
• Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies
• Initial verification of protein binding
• Primary cytotoxicity screening
• High-throughput screening of polypeptide drug lead compounds
Please note
**We are not responsible for reconstitution or any issue that arise from it**
High-purity polypeptides are suitable for scenarios requiring strict purity. The ultra-high-purity peptides provided by Humatide can meet and exceed all prespecified purity standards.
Humatide Shipping & Delivery
Shipping Methods & Delivery Times
Standard handling is 24 hours excluding Holidays and Weekends
International Shipping – Not available at this time.
The explained transit time are not guaranteed. Humatide is not responsible nor will refunds be given due to transit delays.
Order Tracking
Once your order has shipped, you’ll receive an email with a tracking number and link.
If you experience any tracking issues, reach out to us at help@humatide.com.
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Carrier Delays
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- Severe weather
- Carrier errors
- Events outside our control
- Extended transit times in rural areas
- Holidays
Address Accuracy
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We are not responsible for orders delayed or lost due to incomplete or incorrect addresses.
Delivery Confirmation
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We’re happy to assist with a carrier claim, but Humatide is not liable for lost or stolen packages after confirmed delivery.
Returns & Exchanges
Refund Policy
Due to the sensitive nature of research products, all sales are final.
We cannot accept returns or issue refunds once an order has been shipped. This policy helps ensure product integrity and safety for all of our research partners.
Damaged or Defective Items
If your order is damaged and you declined shipping protection we can only provide you with up to $100 in store credit. If you did select shipment protection we will replace any damaged good and ship out replacements at no cost. If your order is incorrect, or missing items, please contact us within 48 hours of delivery so we can resolve the issue. Please provide photos of the damaged items.
Lost or Stolen Shipments
If your order is lost or stolen and you declined shipping protection the maximum credit we can give you is $100 in store credit. If you did select shipment protection we will replace the entire order if it's been lost at no charge if it is lost or stolen. Please contact us within 48 hours of delivery so we can work with UPS to help resolve the issue.
Final Sale Items
All sales are final and products are not eligible for return or exchange.
Need Help?
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Contact our support team anytime at help@humatide.com with any questions about shipping or returns.
To View the latest Certificate of Analysis (CoA) click the "View Latest 3rd Party Certificate of Analysis" button on the product page. Please use that if you are looking to buy as that is the batch you'll receive if you place an order. The QRCode will give you the Batch ID/Lot Number which is matched on the CoA to validate that CoA matches your specific vial. If you happen to get a vial that is from a previous batch select the "Previous Batch 3rd Party Certificate of Analysis" if your Batch ID doesn't match the latest CoA.
All CoA are searchable via the respective testers' website.
ILS Labs Verification is available on their website at:
To validate the CoA on the ILS Labs website enter the Access Code that is located on the bottom of the CoA that is shown on our website.
We also use MDx Biolabs, verification is available via their website at:
https://mdxbiolabs.com/certificates-of-analysis
To find validate the CoA on the MDx Biolabs website enter the COA number which is located at the bottom of the CoA that is shown on our website.
AICAR
50MG
$30
