{"product_id":"oxytocin","title":"Oxytocin","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eOxytocin Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOxytocin is a nine-peptide hormone synthesized by neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 178.067px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 58.8px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 58.8px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 58.8px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eN(1)Cys-Gly-OH.H-Aad(1)-OH\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e43\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e66\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e12\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e12\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e1007.2 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e50-56-6\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e439302\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEndopituitrina\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eOxytocin Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Oxytocin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEarly Observations of Reproduction-related Phenomena: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs early as ancient times, people noticed that the uterus of women would contract regularly during childbirth, and this contraction was crucial for the delivery of the fetus. However, at that time, it was unclear what substance mediated this contraction. With the development of medicine, people gradually began to explore the physiological mechanisms related to childbirth and reproduction, laying the foundation for the later discovery of oxytocin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimal Experiments and Preliminary Discovery: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn 1906, the British physiologist Henry Hallett Dale, when studying the reproductive physiology of animals, found that pituitary extracts could cause the contraction of uterine smooth muscles. This discovery initiated an in-depth study of the relationship between the pituitary gland and reproductive physiology. Subsequently, through a large number of experiments, scientists further determined that there was a certain substance in the pituitary gland that had the effect of promoting uterine contraction and milk ejection from the mammary glands.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsolation and Naming: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn 1953, Vincent du Vigneaud successfully isolated oxytocin from the posterior pituitary lobe of cows and determined its chemical structure, which is a polypeptide composed of 9 amino acids. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955 for his outstanding contributions in the field of biochemistry, especially his achievements in the research of peptide hormones. Since then, oxytocin has been recognized as a definite chemical substance, and its source has also been clearly identified as the posterior pituitary lobe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch at the Gene Level: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWith the development of molecular biology techniques, scientists have further studied the source mechanism of oxytocin in depth. It was found that oxytocin is synthesized by neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons synthesize the oxytocin precursor through the processes of gene transcription and translation, and then after a series of processing and modification, the bioactive oxytocin is finally formed. After synthesis, oxytocin is transported along the axons of neurons to the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary lobe) for storage. When the body needs it, it will be released into the bloodstream to exert its physiological effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Oxytocin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. The Mechanism of Action on Childbirth and Uterine Contraction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReceptor Regulation: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe oxytocin receptor (OTR) belongs to the rhodopsin-type (Class 1) superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. During pregnancy and childbirth, changes in receptor expression, desensitization, and local oxytocin concentration will regulate its function. For example, during childbirth, the increase in endogenous oxytocin levels will increase the expression of oxytocin receptors, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of the myometrium to oxytocin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCalcium Ion Regulation: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAfter receptor activation, a series of signal events will be triggered to stimulate uterine contraction, mainly by increasing the intracellular calcium ion (Ca⊃2;⁺) concentration\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This includes inositol-tris-phosphate-mediated calcium store release, store-operated Ca⊃2;⁺ entry, and voltage-operated Ca⊃2;⁺ entry. These changes in calcium ions will cause the contraction of myometrial cells, thus facilitating the delivery of the fetus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. The Mechanism of Action on Social Behavior\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeural Regulation: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOxytocin is mainly produced by the hypothalamus and plays an important role in the social behavior of mammals, including parental behavior, the formation of social relationships, and the management of experiences in response to stress\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. It responds to stressors and plays a role in the regulation of the central and autonomic nervous systems, including effects on immune and cardiovascular functions. Currently, it is believed that oxytocin may affect social behavior by regulating neural circuits in the brain. For example, in the process of forming social relationships, oxytocin may promote the activity of neurons in specific brain regions, enhancing trust and a sense of closeness to others.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. The Mechanism of Action in Analgesia\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulation of Physiological Processes: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOxytocin can relieve tension and pain without other adverse effects\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Current research shows that oxytocin may exert its analgesic effect by regulating the pain conduction pathway in the nervous system. For example, it may inhibit the transmission of pain signals or regulate the activity of regions in the brain related to pain perception and emotional responses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. The Mechanism of Action in Migraine\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReceptor Expression and Function: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the study of migraine, it was found that the oxytocin receptor (OTR) is widely expressed in the trigeminovascular system of rats \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Especially in the trigeminal ganglion, OTR is mainly expressed in Aδ sensory neurons and fibers, and a small number of OTRs in C fiber sensory neurons co-localize with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). OTR is also expressed in the caudal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. However, oxytocin has no effect on the potassium ion-induced release of CGRP from isolated trigeminal ganglia or trigeminal ganglion afferent fibers in the dura mater.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVascular Action: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePeripheral cranial arteries contract in response to oxytocin in vitro, and this response can be blocked by the OTR antagonist L368899. In addition, oxytocin immunoreactivity was found in satellite glial cells of the trigeminal ganglion, but oxytocin mRNA was not detected in the trigeminal ganglion. Therefore, circulating oxytocin is most likely to affect pain conduction by acting on OTRs in the trigeminal ganglion, which may help explain the influence of hormones in migraines and provide a new target for treatment\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" class=\"lazyloaded\" data-src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" data-original=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lkBpiKirljSRjlqlmpjqkq\/2.png\" class=\"lazyloaded\" data-src=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lkBpiKirljSRjlqlmpjqkq\/2.png\" data-original=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lkBpiKirljSRjlqlmpjqkq\/2.png\" style=\"width: 700px; height: 558px;\" border=\"0\" height=\"558\" width=\"700\" alt=\"2\" title=\"2\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Oxytocin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Applications in Obstetrics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting Childbirth: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn obstetrics, oxytocin can be used to strengthen uterine contractions and promote childbirth. For some parturients with uterine atony, exogenous oxytocin can help achieve a successful vaginal delivery. For example, in some parturients with specific conditions, such as the mother having preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of membranes, the need to stimulate labor when the uterus is inactive, and inevitable or incomplete miscarriage in the second trimester, oxytocin is approved for prenatal use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Treatment of Chronic Pain\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFor adults with chronic neuropathic, pelvic, and musculoskeletal pain, intranasal administration of oxytocin may have a certain effect on improving pain and function. In a placebo-controlled, triple-blind, sequential, within-subject crossover trial, patients self-administered three different doses of oxytocin nasal spray (24IU, 48IU, and placebo) twice a day for 2 weeks. The primary outcomes included pain and pain-related interference, and the secondary outcomes included emotional function, sleep disorders, and the overall impression of change. The intention-to-treat analysis will evaluate whether pain and physical function will be improved after treatment\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Effect on Sarcopenic Obesity in the Elderly\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the elderly population, oxytocin may have a therapeutic effect on sarcopenic obesity. A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial conducted on 21 older adults (67.5 ± 5.4 years old), obese (30 - 43 kg\/m²), sedentary (less than 2 strenuous exercises per week), and with slow gait (less than 1m\/s, as a surrogate marker for sarcopenia) showed that intranasal administration of oxytocin (24IU, 4 times a day for 8 weeks) was well tolerated without any serious adverse events. Oxytocin significantly increased the whole-body lean body mass by 2.25kg, showing a significant difference compared with the placebo (P \u0026lt;.01), and had a trend of reducing fat mass. It also significantly reduced plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by -19.3mg\/dL (P =.023). However, there were no significant changes in body mass index, appetite scores, blood glucose, plasma high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, or depressive symptoms \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Effect in Migraine\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eRecent clinical studies have found that oxytocin has an inhibitory effect on migraines and headaches. Studies have shown that the oxytocin receptor (OTR) is widely expressed in the trigeminovascular system of rats. In the trigeminal ganglion (TG), the expression of OTR was found especially in most A-delta sensory neurons and fibers. OTR is also expressed in the caudal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, which is the central target of TG afferent fibers. A small number of C fiber sensory neurons in TG express OTR and co-localize with the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). However, oxytocin has no effect on the potassium ion-induced release of CGRP from isolated TG or TG afferent fibers in the dura mater. In vitro, another peripheral TG target, the cranial artery, contracts in response to oxytocin, and this response can be blocked by the OTR antagonist L368899. Oxytocin immunoreactivity was found in TG satellite glial cells, but oxytocin mRNA was not detected in TG. Therefore, circulating oxytocin is most likely to act on OTRs in TG, thereby affecting pain transmission \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Effects on Gastrointestinal Motility and Secretory Activity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOxytocin (OT) shows multiple potential effects in regulating gastrointestinal motility and secretory activities. Research shows that OT can improve the gastrointestinal motility disorders caused by the antitumor drug vincristine (VCR), including slowed gastrointestinal transit and reduced response of isolated colon segments to electrical field stimulation. Exogenous OT pretreatment can significantly improve the inhibition of gastrointestinal motility by VCR and the damage to myenteric neurons. In addition, OT can also regulate gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility. By activating the hypothalamic-vagal oxytocinergic neural circuit, it can prevent stress-induced delayed gastric emptying and motility problems, and increase gastric tone and motility\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In terms of intestinal peristalsis, the OT\/OTR signal has a regulatory effect on intestinal peristalsis. The gastrointestinal transit time of OTR knockout (OTRKO) mice is faster than that of wild-type mice, and OT can inhibit the enteric nervous system (ENS)-dependent colonic migrating motor complex generated in vitro\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In terms of gastrointestinal secretory activities, OT regulates intestinal mucosal permeability and cell proliferation, plays a role in the maintenance of the intestinal mucosa, and has a protective effect on colitis\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e. These research results indicate that the OT\/OTR signal plays an important role in various functions of the gastrointestinal tract, including gastrointestinal motility, secretory activities, and mucosal protection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, Oxytocin promotes the contraction of uterine smooth muscles and the secretion of milk from the mammary glands in the reproductive system, and at the same time regulates social behavior, emotions, and stress responses in the nervous system. In addition, oxytocin also regulates gastrointestinal motility and secretory activities, improves the gastrointestinal motility disorders caused by chemotherapy drugs, promotes gastric emptying, inhibits gastric acid secretion, and has a protective effect on gastric ulcers and colitis. Its multifunctionality makes it have important applications in reproduction, metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Li S, Shi Y, Zhu J, et al. Protective effect of oxytocin on vincristine-induced gastrointestinal dysmotility in mice[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2024,15. DOI: 10.3389\/fphar.2024.1270612\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Oxytocin[J]. Reactions Weekly, 2019,1735(1):206.DOI:10.1007\/s40278-019-56822-x.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Yang L, Chen K, Yin X, et al. The Comprehensive Neural Mechanism of Oxytocin in Analgesia[J]. Current Neuropharmacology, 2022,20(1):147-157.DOI:10.2174\/1570159X19666210826142107.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Krause D, Warfvinge K, Grell A, et al. Oxytocin as a regulatory neuropeptide in the trigeminovascular system: localization, expression and function of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors[J]. Faseb Journal, 2020,34.DOI:10.1096\/fasebj.2020.34.s1.03383.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Osilla E V, Patel P, Sharma S. Oxytocin[J]. 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29939625\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Rash J A, Campbell T S, Cooper L, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of intranasal oxytocin on pain and function among  individuals who experience chronic pain: a protocol for a multisite,  placebo-controlled, blinded, sequential, within-subjects crossover trial[J]. Bmj Open, 2021,11(9):e55039.DOI:10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055039.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Espinoza S E, Lee J L, Wang C, et al. Intranasal Oxytocin Improves Lean Muscle Mass and Lowers LDL Cholesterol in Older  Adults with Sarcopenic Obesity: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial[J]. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2021,22(9):1877-1882.DOI:10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.04.015.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Jiang Y, Travagli R A. Hypothalamic-vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuitry modulates gastric emptying and  motility following stress[J]. Journal of Physiology-London, 2020,598(21):4941-4955.DOI:10.1113\/JP280023.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[9] Welch M G, Margolis K G, Li Z, et al. Oxytocin regulates gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, macromolecular permeability, and mucosal maintenance in mice[J]. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 2014,307(8):G848-G862.DOI:10.1152\/ajpgi.00176.2014.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46577396252862,"sku":null,"price":50.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Oxytocin_e2af3025-6847-4928-bdc9-dd40f9e82a9c.jpg?v=1781291651","url":"https:\/\/shop.humatide.com\/products\/oxytocin","provider":"Humatide","version":"1.0","type":"link"}