{"title":"Peptides","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"glp-3rt-60mg","title":"Retatrutide","description":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRetatrutide  Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetatrutide is a novel peptide drug. As a triple receptor agonist, it acts on the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon receptors simultaneously. It helps individuals lose weight by comprehensively regulating appetite, enhancing satiety, suppressing hunger, and increasing energy expenditure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, Retatrutide can also improve multiple cardiometabolic risk indicators, such as blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. It also has a positive effect on patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, enabling the liver fat content of most participants to return to normal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with single or dual agonists, Retatrutide regulates blood glucose, body weight, etc. from multiple dimensions by simultaneously activating the three receptors of GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon (GCG). Theoretically, it can more comprehensively improve metabolic disorders and has unique advantages in aspects such as weight loss, reduction of hepatic steatosis, and normalization of blood glucose levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe synergistic action of multiple receptors of Retatrutide makes it more effective than existing GLP-1 receptor agonists or dual receptor agonists in regulating metabolism and controlling body weight, providing new treatment options for patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 137.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 30.5268%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 69.1217%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.5268%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 69.1217%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eTyr-{Aib}-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-{α-Me-Leu}-Leu-Asp-Lys-{diacid-C20-gamma-Glu-(AEEA)-Lys}-Ala-Gln-{Aib}-Ala-Phe-Ile-Glu-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2 (Sodium salt)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.5268%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 69.1217%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"_Hlk193139181\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eC\u003csub\u003e221\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e342\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e46\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e68\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.5268%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 69.1217%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e4731.33 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.5268%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 69.1217%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e2381089-83-2\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.5268%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 69.1217%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e171390338\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 30.5268%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 69.1217%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eLY-3437943, NOP2Y096GV\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRetatrutide  Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Retatrutide?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObesity has become one of the prominent public health challenges in contemporary society. It can give rise to numerous health problems such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. With the continuous increase in the incidence of obesity, there is an increasingly urgent need for new therapies that can effectively manage body weight and improve health conditions \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Although lifestyle interventions, such as increased physical activity and dietary control, are the core measures for weight mnagement, it is extremely difficult for many adult obese patients to maintain long-term weight loss.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetatrutide, as a novel triple receptor agonist, can act on the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGLP-1R), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), and glucagon receptor (GCGR). This multi-receptor mechanism of action endows it with significant advantages in the field of weight loss. Compared with weight loss drugs that act on only a single receptor, Retatrutide can more comprehensively regulate the body's metabolic processes\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Retatrutide achieves weight loss by regulating multiple hormone receptors, not only showing remarkable efficacy but also having relatively mild gastrointestinal side effects. In addition, as a triple receptor agonist, Retatrutide has a more powerful weight loss effect and a wider range of applicable populations compared with other new weight loss drugs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is Retatrutide?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetatrutide is a novel long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. It is modified and optimized based on the structure of natural GLP-1, and it can specifically bind to and activate the GLP-1 receptor, exerting physiological functions similar to those of natural GLP-1, such as promoting insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon secretion, delaying gastric emptying, reducing appetite, etc. It has broad application prospects in the treatment of diabetes and weight management.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Retatrutide?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mechanism of action of Retatrutide stems from its agonistic effects on multiple receptors. Firstly, its agonistic effect on the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) can increase insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon secretion, lower blood glucose levels, and at the same time delay gastric emptying, increase satiety, and reduce food intake \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Secondly, its agonistic effect on the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) can promote insulin secretion, enhance glucose utilization, and affect fat metabolism, inhibiting lipolysis and promoting fat synthesis\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Moreover, the agonistic effect of Retatrutide on the glucagon receptor (GCGR) usually promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, increasing blood glucose levels. However, under the action of Retatrutide, this glucose-raising effect is offset by the effects of the other two receptors, while promoting lipolysis and reducing fat accumulation \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This multi-target mode of action may be more effective in treating obesity than single receptor agonists.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy simultaneously activating these three receptors, Retatrutide can exert a variety of metabolic regulatory effects and produce therapeutic effects on obesity and related diseases. In terms of regulating blood glucose levels, since the activation of GLP-1R and GIPR promotes insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion, and the activation of GCGR is offset by the effects of the other two receptors, Retatrutide can effectively regulate blood glucose levels, which is of great significance for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus \u003csup\u003e[1, 2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In terms of reducing fat accumulation, the activation of GCGR promotes lipolysis and reduces fat accumulation, while the activation of GLP-1R increases satiety and reduces food intake, further reducing fat synthesis \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In addition, Retatrutide also has an improving effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It can reduce the fat content in the liver and improve liver function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"eager\" alt=\"Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a ...\" class=\"mD_7N7b1a7ZoGbPdjYtp\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https%3A%2F%2Ftse2.mm.bing.net%2Fth%2Fid%2FOIP.II-RvyVnb6-VtB_4l4y_kQHaH6%3Fpid%3DApi\u0026amp;f=1\u0026amp;ipt=56829e95e853bf2aa6952ec3b560cbe6d5107727161a2a9065ee5ea823915919\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eHbA1c, bodyweight, blood pressure, and lipids Data are least-squares means (with error bars showing SEs) from the efficacy analysis set, unless otherwise noted.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn what aspects does Retatrutide show its effects?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRetatrutide exhibits significant effects in multiple aspects\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSignificant weight loss effect: Retatrutide has demonstrated significant weight loss effects in multiple clinical trials. For example, in a clinical study involving 338 adults (Jastreboff A M M, 2023), patients treated with different doses of Retatrutide experienced significant weight loss at 48 weeks. Among them, patients in the 12mg dose group lost 24.2% of their body weight, and a high proportion of patients achieved weight loss to varying degrees. For instance, among patients receiving 4mg, 8mg, and 12mg doses, 92%, 100%, and 100% of the patients, respectively, lost 5% or more of their body weight. In another study \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e, two randomized controlled trials involving 353 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showed that compared with the placebo, Retatrutide could significantly reduce the body weight of patients by 11.89kg, and also reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). In addition, in trials of adult patients with obesity without diabetes, Retatrutide caused a 24.2% weight loss in patients, and 83% of the patients lost 15% or more of their body weight at 48 weeks. These results indicate that Retatrutide has great potential in weight loss.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Retatrutide also shows certain potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In some clinical trials, Retatrutide has shown a reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and dose-dependent weight loss. For example, in one study, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Retatrutide demonstrated significant blood glucose control effects. Compared with the placebo, glycated hemoglobin decreased by 1.64% \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Additionally, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled parallel-group phase 2 trial, animal models with type 2 diabetes mellitus, after receiving Retatrutide treatment, showed a significant decrease in glycated hemoglobin levels, and their body weight also decreased in a dose-dependent manner \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This can be attributed to the comprehensive effects of the drug on GLP-1, GCGR, and GIPR, which improve glucose metabolism and energy balance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImprovement of cardiovascular risk factors: Retatrutide can not only reduce body weight but also improve cardiovascular risk factors, such as the serum lipid profile and glycated hemoglobin levels. This indicates a close pathophysiological link between obesity and cardiovascular diseases, and Retatrutide may improve the cardiovascular health of obese patients through multiple pathways. For example, reducing non-HDL-C, apoB, and LDLP levels can reduce the risk of atherosclerosis; reducing glycated hemoglobin levels can improve blood glucose control in patients with diabetes, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications \u003csup\u003e[3, 5, 6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Retatrutide is a novel triple receptor agonist peptide that targets the glucagon receptor (GCGR), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Studies have shown that Retatrutide has the potential to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In one study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted for 48 weeks on participants with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and a liver fat content of ≥10%. The results showed that at 24 weeks, the average relative changes in liver fat from the baseline in participants treated with different doses of Retatrutide (1mg, 4mg, 8mg, and 12mg) were -42.9%, -57.0%, -81.4%, and -82.4%, respectively, while that in the placebo group was +0.3%\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This indicates that Retatrutide may have a significant therapeutic effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, as a novel triple receptor agonist, Retatrutide shows great potential in the treatment of obesity and related diseases. It can regulate human metabolism from multiple dimensions by activating the glucagon receptor, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, improving blood glucose control, reducing body weight, and regulating lipid metabolism. The emergence of Retatrutide has brought new treatment options for patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, etc. It is expected to break through the limitations of traditional single receptor agonist drugs, provide a more powerful weapon for solving the increasingly serious problems of obesity and metabolic diseases, promote the further development of related medical fields, improve the quality of life of patients, and reduce the social medical burden.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]    Kaur M, Misra S. A review of an investigational drug retatrutide, a novel triple agonist agent for the treatment of obesity[J]. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2024,80(5):669-676.DOI:10.1007\/s00228-024-03646-0.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]    Jastreboff A M, Kaplan L M, Frias J P, et al. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2023,389(6):514-526.DOI:10.1056\/NEJMoa2301972.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3]    Lopez D C, Pajimna J T, Milan M D, et al. 7792 Efficacy of Retatrutide for Weight Reduction and Its Cardiometabolic Effects Among Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J]. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2024,8(1):163-749.DOI:10.1210\/jendso\/bvae163.749.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4]   Rosenstock J, Frias J, Jastreboff A M, et al. Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA[J]. Lancet, 2023,402(10401):529-544.DOI:10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01053-X.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5]    Nicholls S, Pirro V, Lin Y, et al. Triple-hormone receptor agonist retatrutide significantly improves lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles in participants with obesity or overweight[J]. European Heart Journal, 2024,45.DOI:10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae666.1501.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6]    Ray A. Retatrutide: a triple incretin receptor agonist for obesity management[J]. Expert Opinion On Investigational Drugs, 2023,32(11):1003-1008.DOI:10.1080\/13543784.2023.2276754.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7]    Sanyal A J, Kaplan L M, Frias J P, et al. Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial[J]. Nature Medicine, 2024,30(7):2037-2048.DOI:10.1038\/s41591-024-03018-2.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"40MG","offer_id":45957410291902,"sku":null,"price":155.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"60MG","offer_id":45957536317630,"sku":null,"price":215.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Retatrutide.jpg?v=1781291477"},{"product_id":"ghk-cu","title":"GHK-cu","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGHK-Cu (Copper Peptide) Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap break-words\"\u003eGHK-Cu, a naturally occurring tripeptide copper complex, possesses multiple biological activities. It exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen synthesis-promoting effects by regulating copper ion metabolism, being widely applied in cosmetic skincare, anti-aging, and healthcare fields. In cosmetic skincare, GHK-Cu can improve skin aging, promote wound healing, enhance skin elasticity, while also possessing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. Additionally, it is used to promote hair health, regulate gene expression, and assist in treating certain diseases. As a multifunctional bioactive molecule, GHK-Cu demonstrates significant potential in delaying aging, improving skin health, and enhancing tissue repair capabilities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGly-His-Lys\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC\u003csub\u003e28\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e46\u003c\/sub\u003eCuN\u003csub\u003e12\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e744.3 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e130120-56-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e9831891\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBisprezatide copper；DL1TR6W6VM\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eGHK-Cu Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of GHK-Cu?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Progress of Active Peptides: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSince the 20th century, the research on bioactive peptides in the field of life sciences has been continuously deepened. Scientists have gradually realized that peptides play a crucial role in living organisms. They are not only components of proteins but also have independent biological functions and participate in regulating various physiological processes of organisms, such as cell growth, differentiation, and immunomodulation. This in-depth understanding of peptides provides a theoretical basis and research direction for the discovery and study of GHK-Cu.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExploration of Plasma Components: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the detailed study of human plasma components, scientists are committed to analyzing the composition and functions of various biomolecules in plasma. As an important body fluid in the human body, plasma contains a variety of proteins, peptides, hormones, electrolytes, and other substances, and it is a key medium for maintaining the normal physiological functions of the human body. In the 1970s, researchers accidentally discovered a special tripeptide during the analysis of plasma proteins. Its amino acid sequence is glycyl-histidyl-lysine, namely GHK. This discovery aroused great interest among scientists and prompted them to further explore the role and characteristics of this tripeptide in plasma.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiological Significance of Copper Ions: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAt the same time, the important role of copper ions in biology has gradually attracted attention. Copper is one of the essential trace elements in the human body and participates in many biochemical reactions. It is a component or activator of many key enzymes and plays an indispensable role in maintaining the normal metabolism of cells, respiration, and the synthesis of collagen. During the study of the biological functions of copper ions, scientists found that copper ions can bind to certain peptide substances to form complexes with special biological activities. This discovery provides an important clue for the study of the binding of GHK and copper ions and their potential functions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromotion of Aging-related Research: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWith the development of society and the increasingly prominent problem of population aging, aging-related research has become an important topic in the field of life sciences. Scientists are trying to find biomarkers and regulatory factors closely related to the aging process to reveal the mechanism of aging and explore methods to delay aging. In this context, it has been found that the concentration of GHK-Cu in the human body gradually decreases with age, which implies that GHK-Cu may have some connection with the aging process. This discovery further stimulates researchers to conduct in-depth studies on the source, function, and application of GHK-Cu in the field of anti-aging, and promotes the continuous development of related research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of GHK-Cu?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting Tissue Repair and Regeneration:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStimulating Blood Vessel and Nerve Growth: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eExisting studies have shown that GHK-Cu can stimulate the growth of blood vessels and nerves. It may achieve this effect by regulating specific growth factors and signaling pathways. For example, it may promote the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thereby stimulating angiogenesis\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In terms of nerve growth, it may promote the survival, proliferation, and axonal growth of nerve cells by influencing signaling molecules related to nerve growth.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncreasing the Synthesis of Collagen, Elastin, and Glycosaminoglycans: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu can increase the synthesis of collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans. Collagen is an important component of tissues such as the skin and bones, elastin gives tissues elasticity, and glycosaminoglycans play an important role in maintaining the moisture and elasticity of tissues. The specific mechanism may involve regulating the expression of related genes and signaling pathways, such as activating specific transcription factors in fibroblasts to promote the expression of genes related to collagen synthesis\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupporting the Function of Dermal Fibroblasts: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDermal fibroblasts play a key role in maintaining the structure and function of the skin. GHK-Cu can support the function of dermal fibroblasts, including promoting cell proliferation, migration, and the synthesis of extracellular matrix components. This may be achieved by regulating the signaling pathways and gene expression within fibroblasts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCell Protective Effects:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnticancer Activity: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu has multiple anticancer activities. It may exert anticancer effects by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells, inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, and suppressing the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. The specific mechanism may involve regulating the cell cycle, activating the apoptosis signaling pathway, and inhibiting tumor-related signaling pathways \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-inflammatory Effect: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu has a powerful anti-inflammatory effect. It can inhibit the production of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and at the same time increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). Its anti-inflammatory mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, thereby reducing the inflammatory response\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLung Protection and Repair of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu has a protective and reparative effect on lung tissue. It can inhibit the inflammatory response in lung tissue, reduce the damage and fibrosis of lung tissue. For lung fibroblasts of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), GHK-Cu can restore their function, possibly by regulating related signaling pathways and gene expression\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiolytic, Analgesic, and Anti-aggression Effects: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu also has anxiolytic, analgesic, and anti-aggression effects, but the specific mechanisms are not yet fully understood. It may be related to the regulation of signaling pathways and neurotransmitters in the nervous system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDNA Repair and Cell Cleaning:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDNA Repair: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu has the function of DNA repair. It may repair damaged DNA by activating specific DNA repair enzymes or signaling pathways. This is of great significance for maintaining the normal function of cells and preventing the occurrence of diseases such as aging and cancer \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActivating Cell Cleaning (through the Proteasome System): \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu can activate the proteasome system of cells, promoting the degradation and clearance of intracellular proteins. This helps to maintain the stability of the intracellular environment and prevent protein aggregation and cell dysfunction\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eHypothesis on the Mechanism of Acupuncture: Some studies have proposed the hypothesis that the mechanism of action of acupuncture may be achieved through GHK-Cu. Although the specific mechanism remains to be further studied, this provides a new perspective for understanding the mechanism of action of GHK-Cu\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"pswp__img\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/5754\/11228880\/b90df658b845\/gr1.jpg\" style=\"display: block; width: 688px; height: 916px;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe plasma level and clinical relevance of GHK in patients with silicosis: A. Plasma GHK levels in healthy subjects and patients with silicosis. B. Plasma GHK levels in patients with silicosis in different clinical stages of the disease. C. Lung imaging manifestations and plasma GHK levels in a healthy control population and in patients in different clinical stages of silicosis. D. Correlation between the plasma GHK levels and FEV1%pre in patients with silicosis. E. Correlation between the plasma GHK levels and the DLCO%pre in patients with silicosis.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of GHK-Cu?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSkin Repair and Beauty:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStimulating Collagen Synthesis: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu can stimulate the synthesis of collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans. Collagen is an important component of the skin, which gives the skin elasticity and firmness\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. With the increase of age, the synthesis of collagen gradually decreases, leading to skin relaxation and the appearance of wrinkles. By promoting the production of collagen, GHK-Cu can improve the elasticity and firmness of the skin and reduce the formation of wrinkles.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting Blood Vessel and Nerve Growth:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e It has the effect of stimulating the growth of blood vessels and nerves \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Good blood circulation is crucial for the health of the skin. It can provide sufficient nutrients and oxygen for skin cells and promote the metabolism of the skin. In addition, the growth of nerves also contributes to the sensory and responsive abilities of the skin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupporting the Function of Dermal Fibroblasts: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu supports the function of dermal fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are one of the main cell types in the skin, and they are responsible for synthesizing collagen, elastin, and other extracellular matrix components\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. GHK-Cu can enhance the activity of fibroblasts and improve their ability to synthesize the extracellular matrix, thus helping to maintain the structure and function of the skin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWound Healing: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu shows significant effects in wound healing. Studies have shown that it can accelerate the wound healing process, promote the growth of granulation tissue, and the production and accumulation of collagen. In addition, GHK-Cu can regulate the transformation of macrophages from the M2 phase, effectively inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6 in tissues, release anti-inflammatory factors such as TGF-β and iNOS, accelerate the expression of the HIF-1α pathway, promote the expression of VEGF to achieve the effect of promoting angiogenesis, and accelerate tissue repair.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-aging: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu has multiple anti-aging effects. It can inhibit the activity of molecules such as NFκB, which are considered to accelerate the aging process (Pickart L, 2018). In addition, it also has anxiolytic, analgesic, and anti-aggression activities, DNA repair, and the function of activating cell cleaning through the proteasome system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAs a Cosmetic Ingredient: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDue to its effects on skin repair and anti-aging, GHK-Cu is widely used in cosmetics. For example, liposomes based on anionic (AL) and cationic (CL) hydrogenated lecithin can be used as a skin delivery system for GHK-Cu\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. These liposomes are stable, have a small particle size (about 100nm), and a high bilayer fluidity, which can effectively deliver GHK-Cu into the skin. As a cosmetic ingredient, GHK-Cu can not only improve the appearance of the skin but also enhance the health of the skin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedical Field:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of Acute Lung Injury: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu has a protective effect on acute lung injury (ALI). In in vitro experiments on RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in a mouse model of acute lung injury in vivo, GHK-Cu treatment reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and at the same time reduced the production of TNF-α and IL-6, acting through the inhibition of the NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In addition, GHK-Cu can also reduce the pathological changes of lung tissue induced by LPS and inhibit the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung parenchyma.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu has shown a therapeutic effect in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM)\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a serious lung disease, and oxidative stress and inflammation are its key pathogenic mechanisms. GHK-Cu may play a protective role through antioxidant stress and anti-inflammatory pathways.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of Silicosis: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSilicosis is the most common type of pneumoconiosis, and there is currently no specific drug for its treatment. Studies have found that GHK-Cu has a therapeutic effect on silicosis. It can alleviate pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis mice by targeting peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), partly due to the inhibition of oxidative stress in alveolar macrophages induced by crystalline silica\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGHK-Cu has multiple functions and great significance. It can stimulate the synthesis of substances such as collagen, repair the skin, and delay aging, helping people pursue healthy and beautiful skin in the field of beauty and skin care. At the medical level, it provides a new direction for the treatment of lung diseases such as acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis, and is expected to improve the health of patients. Overall, GHK-Cu contributes to the development of life sciences, medicine, and the beauty industry, and has a positive impact on improving the quality of human life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout The Author\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe above-mentioned materials are all researched, edited and compiled by Cocer Peptides.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScientific Journal Author\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBian Y is a researcher affiliated with multiple notable organizations. These include the State Key Lab Resp Hlth \u0026amp; Multimorbid, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences - Peking Union Medical College, Natl Clin Res Ctr Resp Dis, Natl Ctr Resp Med, and Tongji University. His institutional affiliations reflect a broad background in medical and scientific research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eHis research spans several important subject categories. He has expertise in the Respiratory System, Oncology, General \u0026amp; Internal Medicine, Research \u0026amp; Experimental Medicine, and Biochemistry \u0026amp; Molecular Biology. His work in these fields is significant for advancing medical science and improving healthcare. Bian Y is listed in the reference of citation [6].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New  Gene Data[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018,19(7).DOI:10.3390\/ijms19071987.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Park J R, Lee H, Kim S, et al. The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung  injury in mice[J]. Oncotarget, 2016,7(36):58405-58417.DOI:10.18632\/oncotarget.11168.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Molt O Ripoll J P, Cointry G. Hypothesis of the mechanism of action of acupuncture through GHK-Cu[J]. International Journal of Health Science, 2024. DOI:10.22533\/at.ed.1594202415026\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Dymek M, Olechowska K, Hąc-Wydro K, et al. Liposomes as Carriers of GHK-Cu Tripeptide for Cosmetic Application[J]. Pharmaceutics, 2023,15(10).DOI:10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102485.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Ma W, Li M, Ma H, et al. Protective effects of GHK-Cu in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via  anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation pathways[J]. Life Sciences, 2020,241:117139.DOI:10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117139.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Bian Y, Deng M, Liu J, et al. The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu(2+) tripeptide complex attenuates lung  inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis by targeting peroxiredoxin 6[J]. Redox Biology, 2024,75:103237.DOI:10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103237.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"100MG","offer_id":45958906773694,"sku":null,"price":40.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/GHK-cu.jpg?v=1781294829"},{"product_id":"tesamorelin","title":"Tesamorelin","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTesamorelin Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTesamorelin is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog. By mimicking the naturally occurring GHRH in the human body, it stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH), thereby increasing the level of serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). In this way, Tesamorelin can regulate the body's growth hormone axis, affect the secretion and release of growth hormone, and thus have an impact on the body's metabolism, growth and development, as well as various physiological functions. Tesamorelin is mainly used to treat lipid metabolism disorders caused by antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected individuals, especially the excessive accumulation of abdominal fat. In addition, it also shows certain potential in improving fat distribution, reducing visceral fat, and enhancing metabolic health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDuring the treatment of GH deficiency with rhGH, clinical efficacy coexists with adverse side effects. These adverse side effects have prompted researchers to search for new treatment strategies, thus promoting the development of GFR analogs. GFR analogs are expected to maintain a certain therapeutic effect while reducing adverse side effects and improving patients' tolerability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs a synthetic GFR, the development of Tesamorelin is mainly aimed at diseases that may be related to a relative deficiency of GH. Among them, HIV-related lipodystrophy is one of its important potential indications. HIV patients often experience symptoms of lipodystrophy, which not only affects the appearance of patients but may also lead to a series of health problems. Therefore, the development of an effective treatment method is crucial for improving the quality of life of HIV patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTyr-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-Phe-Thr-Asn-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Val-Leu-Gly-Gln-Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Gln-Asp-Ile-Met-Ser-Arg-Gln-Gln-Gly-Glu-Ser-Asn-Gln-Glu-Arg-Gly-Ala-Arg-Ala-Arg-Leu\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC\u003csub\u003e221\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e366\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e72\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e67\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5136 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e218949-48-5\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e16137828\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEgrifta\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eTesamorelin Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Tesamorelin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eRecombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has clinical effectiveness in the treatment of growth hormone (GH) deficiency, but it is also accompanied by various adverse side effects. This situation has prompted the development of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GFR) analogs, as they may have better tolerability. Tesamorelin is a synthetic GFR that has been developed as a potential treatment for a variety of diseases that may be related to a relative deficiency of GH, including HIV-associated lipodystrophy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the mechanisms of action of Tesamorelin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of action on HIV-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD):\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulation of gene expression:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn HIV-associated NAFLD, through gene set enrichment analysis, it was found that Tesamorelin increased the expression of the signature gene set related to oxidative phosphorylation in the liver, while reducing the expression of gene sets related to inflammation, tissue repair, and cell division \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Specifically, Tesamorelin down-regulated the liver gene sets related to inflammation, tissue repair, and cell division, indicating that it exerts its effect by regulating the expression of these genes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhibition of key mediators: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTesamorelin can inhibit key mediators of angiogenesis, fibrosis, and inflammation. For example, it can significantly reduce the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1). In participants receiving Tesamorelin treatment, the decrease in VEGFA and CSF1 in the plasma was associated with a decrease in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score, and the decrease in TGFB1 and CSF1 was associated with a decrease in the gene-level fibrosis score\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. As a regulator of monocyte recruitment and activation, CSF1 may become an innovative therapeutic target for HIV-associated NAFLD.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of action on peripheral nerve injury:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the treatment of peripheral nerve injury, Tesamorelin is believed to enhance axonal regeneration, reduce muscle atrophy, and improve functional outcomes. Current studies suggest that Tesamorelin may exert its effect by promoting the process of nerve regeneration and repair. The specific mechanism of action is not yet fully understood, but it may involve the regulation of nerve growth factors, the promotion of axonal growth, and myelination \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the specific mechanism of Tesamorelin in reducing visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected individuals?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulatory effect on growth hormone:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStimulating growth hormone secretion:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTesamorelin is a synthetic GHRH that can stimulate the secretion of growth hormone. In HIV-infected individuals, the secretion of growth hormone may be affected, and Tesamorelin can promote the anterior pituitary gland to release growth hormone by mimicking the action of GHRH\u003csup\u003e[3-5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulating fat metabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone plays an important role in fat metabolism. It can promote lipolysis, increase the oxidation of fatty acids, and reduce fat accumulation. By stimulating the secretion of growth hormone, Tesamorelin may indirectly regulate fat metabolism and reduce the accumulation of visceral fat and liver fat\u003csup\u003e[3-5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluence on liver gene expression:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAltering gene pathways:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStudies have found that Tesamorelin can increase the expression of the signature gene set related to oxidative phosphorylation in the liver, while reducing the expression of gene sets related to inflammation, tissue repair, and cell division\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffecting genes related to the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTesamorelin can also regulate the gene sets related to the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, up-regulating the gene sets related to a good prognosis and down-regulating the gene sets related to a poor prognosis, respectively \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. These changes in gene expression may be related to the effect of Tesamorelin on reducing liver fat.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship with fibrosis-related gene scores:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn participants treated with Tesamorelin these changes in liver expression were associated with improved fibrosis-related gene scores. This indicates that Tesamorelin may reduce liver fat by regulating liver gene expression and improving the fibrotic condition of the liver \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect on plasma proteins:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhibiting key mediators: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTesamorelin can significantly reduce the levels of plasma proteins such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. These proteins are related to angiogenesis, fibrosis, and inflammation, and the inhibition of them by Tesamorelin may help reduce liver fat and inflammation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg style=\"max-height: 886px; max-width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/df6sxcketz7bb.cloudfront.net\/manuscripts\/140000\/140134\/medium\/jci.insight.140134.ga.jpg\" title=\"Graphical abstract\" alt=\"graphical abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Tesamorelin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect on HIV-infected individuals:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReducing visceral fat and liver fat:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSome studies have shown that in HIV-infected individuals receiving integrase inhibitor (INSTIs) treatment, the increase in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a matter of concern because VAT is associated with downstream comorbidities such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Tesamorelin has been shown to reduce VAT in HIV-infected individuals with lipohypertrophy by more than 15% within 6 months \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In a placebo-controlled trial of 61 participants with HIV-associated NAFLD, a post-hoc analysis of individuals receiving INSTIs treatment found that after 12 months, VAT in the placebo group increased by 10.8%, while VAT in the Tesamorelin treatment group decreased by 8.3% overall. In addition, the liver fat fraction (HFF) in the Tesamorelin treatment group decreased by 31% relative to the baseline, which was significantly higher than that in the placebo treatment group\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving fat quality:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn HIV-infected individuals, in patients with central obesity who used Tesamorelin, the density of visceral fat (VAT) and subcutaneous fat (SAT) increased, and this increase was independent of changes in fat mass, indicating that Tesamorelin can also improve the quality of VAT and SAT in this group of patients \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect on immune function:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eLong-term use of Tesamorelin can reduce the markers of T cell and monocyte\/macrophage activity in the circulation of HIV-infected individuals and down-regulate the immune pathways in the liver. Specifically, compared with the placebo, Tesamorelin reduced the circulating concentrations of 13 proteins, including four chemokines, two cytokines, four T cell-related molecules, as well as arginase-1, galectin-9, and hepatocyte growth factor. Network analysis showed a close interaction between the gene pathways responsible for reducing these proteins, and targeted transcriptomics confirmed the down-regulation signal of the immune pathways in the liver \u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReducing liver fat and preventing fibrosis progression:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn HIV-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Tesamorelin has been shown to reduce liver fat and prevent fibrosis progression. Researchers conducted a focused evaluation of 9 plasma proteins corresponding to the top leading edge genes in the differentially regulated gene sets and found that Tesamorelin led to a significant reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1). In participants treated with Tesamorelin, the decrease in VEGFA and CSF1 in the plasma was associated with a decrease in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score, and the decrease in TGFB1 and CSF1 was associated with a decrease in the gene-level fibrosis score. As a regulator of monocyte recruitment and activation, CSF1 may become an innovative therapeutic target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluence on the liver transcriptome signature:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eUsing gene set enrichment analysis, it was found that Tesamorelin increased the liver expression of the signature gene set related to oxidative phosphorylation and reduced the liver expression of gene sets related to inflammation, tissue repair, and cell division. In addition, Tesamorelin also up-regulated and down-regulated the selected gene sets related to good and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. In participants treated with Tesamorelin, these changes in liver expression were associated with improved fibrosis-related gene scores\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, as a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, Tesamorelin has demonstrated therapeutic potential in multiple aspects. A large number of studies have confirmed that it can effectively regulate the secretion of growth hormone and improve human metabolic function. In the treatment of HIV infection-related diseases, it has a significant effect on reducing abdominal fat accumulation. By stimulating the secretion of growth hormone and optimizing fat metabolism, it reduces the amount of visceral fat without affecting lean body mass, and plays a positive role in adjusting the body composition of patients. In the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, some studies have also shown that it can reduce the fat content in the liver. Tesamorelin is of great significance. For HIV-infected patients, it provides an effective means to improve the fat metabolism disorder caused by the disease and treatment, improves the quality of life of patients, helps relieve the psychological pressure caused by changes in appearance, and enhances their sense of social integration. Unit introduction\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Fourman L T, Billingsley J M, Agyapong G, et al. Effects of tesamorelin on hepatic transcriptomic signatures in HIV-associated NAFLD[J]. Jci Insight, 2020,5(16).DOI:10.1172\/jci.insight.140134.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Jaimie T S. Tesamorelin Therapy to Enhance Axonal Regeneration, Minimize Muscle Atrophy and Improve Functional Outcomes Following Peripheral Nerve Injury and Repair[J]. 2015.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Rahman F, McLaughlin T, Mesquita P, et al. Effect of tesamorelin in people with HIV with and without dorsocervical fat: Post hoc analysis of phase III double-blind placebo-controlled trial[J]. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 2022,7(1).DOI:10.1017\/cts.2022.515.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Mateo M G, Gutierrez M D M, Domingo P. Tesamorelin for the treatment of excess abdominal fat in HIV-1-infected patients with lipodystrophy.[J]. Expert Review of Endocrinology \u0026amp; Metabolism, 2011,6(1):21-30.DOI:10.1586\/eem.10.83.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Stanley T L, Falutz J, Marsolais C, et al. Reduction in Visceral Adiposity Is Associated With an Improved Metabolic Profile in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Tesamorelin[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2012,54(11):1642-1651.DOI:10.1093\/cid\/cis251.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] McLaughlin T, Grinspoon S K, Stanley T, et al. 1499. Tesamorelin Reduces Visceral Adipose Tissue and Liver Fat in INSTI-Treated Persons with HIV[J]. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 2023,10(2):500-1334.DOI:10.1093\/ofid\/ofad500.1334.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Lake J E, La K, Erlandson K M, et al. Tesamorelin improves fat quality independent of changes in fat quantity[J]. Aids, 2021,35(9):1395-1402.DOI:10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002897.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Stanley T L, Fourman L T, Wong L P, et al. Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Reduces Circulating Markers of Immune Activation in Parallel with Effects on Hepatic Immune Pathways in Individuals with HIV-infection and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2021,73(4):621-630.DOI:10.1093\/cid\/ciab019.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[9] Fourman L T, Stanley T L, Billingsley J M, et al. Delineating tesamorelin response pathways in HIV-associated NAFLD using a targeted proteomic and transcriptomic approach[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021,11(1).DOI:10.1038\/s41598-021-89966-y.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"20MG","offer_id":45959497220286,"sku":null,"price":89.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Tesamorelin.jpg?v=1781294777"},{"product_id":"ipamorelin","title":"Ipamorelin","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIpamorelin Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"\u003eIpamorelin is a synthetic peptide studied extensively as a growth hormone secretagogue in laboratory research. This compound belongs to the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) class and serves as a research tool for examining pituitary receptor interactions and growth hormone release mechanisms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"\u003eIpamorelin is a pentapeptide (composed of 5 amino acids) that functions as a ghrelin mimetic in experimental models. Developed in the 1990s for research applications, this compound demonstrates selective growth hormone release properties without affecting other pituitary hormones, distinguishing it from earlier-generation peptides in laboratory studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"\u003eThe compound shows high specificity for the GHS-R1a receptor, enabling targeted investigation of physiological responses in vitro. Its selective mechanism has established it as a valuable research tool for investigating growth hormone signaling pathways, metabolic regulation, and receptor-ligand interactions in scientific studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 137.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eAib-His-D-2Nal-D-Phe-Lys\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e38\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e49\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e9\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e711.9 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e170851-70-4\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e9831659\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e170851-70-4, Ipamorelin [INN], NNC-26-0161, UNII-Y9M3S784Z6\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eIpamorelin Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Ipamorelin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDelayed gastric emptying is a common condition, and currently, there are few effective treatment options. Research has found that Ipamorelin, as a synthetic peptidomimetic, acts on the ghrelin receptor and may have a therapeutic effect on delayed gastric emptying. In a study on a rodent model of gastroparesis, gastroparesis was induced by abdominal surgery and intestinal manipulation, and it was found that Ipamorelin could accelerate gastric emptying\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePostoperative ileus is a significant challenge in clinical practice, lacking effective management strategies. Ghrelin receptor stimulation has a motility-promoting effect on both the upper and lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract. As a ghrelin receptor agonist, Ipamorelin has potential application value in the treatment of postoperative ileus. For example, in a study, a prospective, randomized, controlled proof-of-concept study was conducted on patients undergoing intestinal resection after abdominal surgery to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Ipamorelin\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIpamorelin belongs to the growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs), which is a synthetic pentapeptide capable of stimulating the release of growth hormone from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Growth hormone plays an important role in the body's growth, repair, and metabolism, so the role of Ipamorelin in regulating growth hormone has also attracted widespread attention\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDue to its potential value in treating delayed gastric emptying, postoperative ileus, and its role as a growth hormone releasing peptide, Ipamorelin has attracted extensive research attention.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Ipamorelin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Stimulating the release of growth hormone: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIpamorelin belongs to the growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs), which can stimulate the release of growth hormone from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In vitro and in vivo experiments, Ipamorelin has shown high potency and efficacy in releasing growth hormone. For example, in a study, the potency and efficacy of Ipamorelin in releasing growth hormone from primary rat pituitary cells were similar to those of GHRP-6\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Its mechanism of action is to stimulate the release of growth hormone by activating GHRP-like receptors. Through pharmacological analysis, it has been confirmed that like GHRP-6, Ipamorelin stimulates the release of growth hormone through GHRP-like receptors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Effects on the gastrointestinal tract\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccelerating gastric emptying: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn rodent models, Ipamorelin can accelerate gastric emptying. Abdominal surgery leads to delayed gastric emptying, but after administration of Ipamorelin (0.014 µmol\/kg intravenously), gastric emptying is significantly accelerated. Ipamorelin stimulates gastric contractility and accelerates gastric emptying through a mechanism mediated by the activation of the ghrelin receptor, involving cholinergic excitatory neurons (Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, 2012).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving symptoms of postoperative ileus: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn rodent models of postoperative ileus, Ipamorelin may improve the symptoms. After postoperative administration of Ipamorelin, a single dose of Ipamorelin (1mg\/kg) or GHRP-6 (20μg\/kg) can reduce the time to first defecation. Repeated administration of Ipamorelin (0.1 or 1mg\/kg) can significantly increase the cumulative fecal output, food intake, and weight gain \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Effects on insulin secretion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIpamorelin can stimulate insulin secretion in pancreatic tissue fragments of normal and diabetic rats. The increase in insulin secretion induced by Ipamorelin can be significantly inhibited by diltiazem, yohimbine, propranolol, or a combination of atropine, propranolol, and yohimbine. In diabetic rats, atropine can significantly reduce the insulin secretion induced by Ipamorelin, but this effect is not observed in normal rats. This indicates that Ipamorelin stimulates insulin release through the calcium channel and adrenergic receptor pathways\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Alleviating pain\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn experimental models of non-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity and somatic mechanical allodynia, Ipamorelin, as a peripherally restricted ghrelin receptor agonist, can significantly reduce colonic hypersensitivity and somatic allodynia. Its mechanism of action is mediated by the ghrelin receptor, and this antinociceptive effect can be blocked by the ghrelin receptor antagonist H0900\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fai2-s2-public.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ffigures%2F2017-08-08%2F7235dd1d9cd3b7fe2dd8846fad630a2b98892fb7%2F3-Figure1-1.png\u0026amp;f=1\u0026amp;nofb=1\u0026amp;ipt=3532a1761b952715384e910e6691d72c7126c26675dabe2d89146745c309ccf8\" class=\"d1fekHMv2WPYZzgPAV7b\" alt=\"Figure 1 from Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and ...\" loading=\"eager\"\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eS\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehows the effect of ipamorelin on insulin secretion from pancreatic\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003etissue fragments of normal and diabetic rats.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Ipamorelin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Promoting the release of growth hormone\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIpamorelin can stimulate the release of growth hormone from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Growth hormone plays an important role in the human body, including promoting protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and tissue repair. Therefore, Ipamorelin can be used to treat growth hormone deficiency or other diseases related to growth hormone insufficiency\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Improving gastrointestinal function\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccelerating gastric emptying: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn rodent models, Ipamorelin accelerates gastric emptying in models of postoperative ileus through a mechanism mediated by the activation of the growth hormone releasing peptide receptor, involving cholinergic excitatory neurons\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Abdominal surgery leads to delayed gastric emptying, and administration of Ipamorelin can significantly reduce the proportion of residual food in the stomach, thereby improving gastric motility.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Promoting gastrointestinal peristalsis: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn rodent models of postoperative ileus, Ipamorelin may improve the symptoms of patients. For example, in a rat model, Ipamorelin can reduce the time to first defecation after surgery, increase fecal output, food intake, and weight gain\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Repeated administration of Ipamorelin can significantly increase the cumulative fecal output, food intake, and weight gain, indicating its positive regulatory effect on gastrointestinal function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Relieving pain\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelieving visceral and somatic pain: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eResearch shows that Ipamorelin, as a growth hormone releasing peptide receptor agonist, has antinociceptive properties. In experimental models without colonic epithelial inflammation, Ipamorelin can significantly reduce non-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity and somatic mechanical allodynia\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIts mechanism of action may be mediated by the growth hormone releasing peptide receptor, participating in the regulation of visceral and somatic hypersensitivity, providing a potential new method for the treatment of acute visceral and somatic pain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the research progress of Ipamorelin in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone deficiency is a disease caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland, which can affect the growth and development of children and the body metabolism of adults. In recent years, Ipamorelin, as a growth hormone secretagogue, has attracted widespread attention in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency. The following is the relevant research progress of Ipamorelin in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. The stimulating effect of Ipamorelin on growth hormone secretion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIpamorelin can stimulate the secretion of growth hormone. Research shows that Ipamorelin can act synergistically with growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) to enhance the release of growth hormone\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In animal experiments, after 21 days of chronic treatment with Ipamorelin in young female rats, compared with the control group, the basal growth hormone release in the monolayer culture of pituitary cells increased. At the same time, Ipamorelin and GHRH can stimulate the release of growth hormone from cultured pituitary cells in vitro. However, in the GHRH pretreatment group, the subsequent growth hormone response to stimulation was not enhanced, while in the Ipamorelin pretreatment group, there was no such desensitization phenomenon, indicating that Ipamorelin does not lead to desensitization of the growth hormone response in young female rats\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. The effect of Ipamorelin on weight gain\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eChronic administration of Ipamorelin can effectively increase the weight of young female rats. Daily monitoring shows that the percentage of weight gain in the Ipamorelin pretreatment group and the GHRH pretreatment group is higher than that in the control group\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This is related to the fact that Ipamorelin stimulates the secretion of growth hormone, which in turn promotes protein synthesis and cell growth.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. The effect of Ipamorelin on bone formation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn an adult rat model, it has been found that the growth hormone secretagogue Ipamorelin can counteract the catabolic effects of glucocorticoids (GC) on skeletal muscle and bone. Compared with the group injected with GC alone, in the animals injected with both GC and Ipamorelin, the maximum tetanic tension of the calf muscle increased significantly, and the periosteal bone formation rate increased fourfold \u003csup\u003e[8, 9]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This indicates that Ipamorelin has a positive effect on maintaining muscle strength and promoting bone formation, and may help prevent complications such as osteoporosis in patients with growth hormone deficiency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. The effect of Ipamorelin on gastrointestinal function\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs a selective growth hormone-releasing hormone agonist and growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor agonist, Ipamorelin demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of postoperative intestinal paralysis. Single administration of Ipamorelin or growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP)-6 shortened the time to the first postoperative bowel movement, but had no effect on cumulative fecal output, food intake, or weight gain. Ipamorelin increases cumulative fecal output, food intake, and weight gain. This suggests that Ipamorelin may have a certain role in improving gastrointestinal function and may help improve digestive and absorptive function in patients with growth hormone deficiency.\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn summary, as a selective growth hormone secretion promoter, Ipamorelin efficiently stimulates the release of growth hormone by activating the growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor (GHS receptor), without significantly affecting the levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol. Its functions include promoting growth hormone secretion, regulating gastrointestinal motility, and alleviating pain. Its high selectivity and multi-target characteristics confer clinical application potential, making it suitable for use in conditions such as growth hormone deficiency, postoperative intestinal obstruction, and pain management.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Tyler K, Mohammadi E, Pietra C. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. \u003cem\u003eJournal of experimental pharmacology\u003c\/em\u003e 2012; \u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c\/strong\u003e: 149-55.DOI:10.2147\/JEP.S35396.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin  mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection  patients. INT J COLORECTAL DIS 2014; 29(12): 1527-34.DOI:10.1007\/s00384-014-2030-8.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. \u003cem\u003eEUR J ENDOCRINOL\u003c\/em\u003e 1998; \u003cstrong\u003e139\u003c\/strong\u003e(5): 552-61.DOI:10.1530\/eje.0.1390552.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Venkova K, Mann W, Nelson R, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Efficacy of Ipamorelin, a Novel Ghrelin Mimetic, in a Rodent Model of Postoperative Ileus. \u003cem\u003eJ PHARMACOL EXP THER\u003c\/em\u003e 2009; \u003cstrong\u003e329\u003c\/strong\u003e(3): 1110-6.DOI:10.1124\/jpet.108.149211.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Adeghate EA, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro endocrinology letters 2004; 25 6: 403-6.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] N Mohammadi E, Louwies T, Pietra C, Northrup SR, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Attenuation of Visceral and Somatic Nociception by Ghrelin Mimetics. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12: 267-74.DOI:10.2147\/JEP.S249747.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Papak M. Ipamorelin - struktura i funkcija.; 2016.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/IpamorelinstrukturaifunkcijaPapak\/6f1496dcedd60ec60a90be4c1f317a8bad7efb08\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Jiménez-Reina L, Cañete R, de la Torre MJ, Bernal G. Influence of chronic treatment with the growth hormone secretagogue Ipamorelin, in young female rats:: somatotroph response in vitro. \u003cem\u003eHISTOL HISTOPATHOL\u003c\/em\u003e 2002; 17(3): 707-14. DOI: 10.14670\/HH-17.707\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[9] Andersen NB, F KMO, Johansen PB, Andreassen TT, Rtoft GO, Oxlund H. The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats. \u003cem\u003eGrowth hormone \\\u0026amp; IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society\u003c\/em\u003e 2001; \u003cstrong\u003e11 5\u003c\/strong\u003e: 266-72.DOI:10.1054\/GHIR.2001.0239.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":45959784300734,"sku":null,"price":40.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Ipamorelin.jpg?v=1781294729"},{"product_id":"mots-c","title":"MOTS-c","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMOTS-c Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a mitochondria-derived peptide discovered in 2015 that functions as a mitochondrial-encoded regulatory signal. The 16-amino acid peptide is encoded by the mitochondrial genome within the 12S rRNA gene and represents an important link between mitochondrial function and metabolism. MOTS-c primarily targets skeletal muscle and acts as a metabolic regulator by activating the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathway, which is crucial for cellular energy homeostasis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMet-Arg-Trp-Gln-Glu-Met-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Phe-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Arg\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC101H152N28O22S2\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2174.6 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1627580-64-6\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e255386757\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1627580-64-6, UNII-A5CV6JFB78, MOTS-c (human) (trifluoroacetate salt), A5CV6JFB78\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eMOTS-c Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of MOTS-c?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMitochondria, serving as the “powerhouse” of cells, play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The communication mechanisms between mitochondria and the nucleus have long been a focus of scientific research. Mitochondria possess an independent genome. Beyond the classic 37 genes, recent studies have revealed that mitochondrial DNA also encodes biologically active short peptides, one of which is the mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c, encoded by the mitochondrial 12S rRNA region. This discovery significantly expands the scope of mitochondrial genetics, offering a novel perspective for elucidating crucial biological processes such as mitochondrial-nuclear communication and metabolic regulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, treatments for numerous challenging diseases like diabetes and chronic hepatitis B face significant bottlenecks. MOTS-c's prominent role in skeletal muscle metabolic regulation, such as enhancing glucose metabolism, suggests its potential in treating metabolic disorders. Furthermore, abnormal MOTS-c levels observed in various disease processes have prompted researchers to investigate its role in disease onset, progression, and treatment, seeking new avenues to overcome these intractable conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action for MOTS-c?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulating Metabolism-Related Signaling Pathways\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActivating the AICAR-AMPK Signaling Pathway: MOTS-c activates the AICAR-AMPK signaling pathway by disrupting the intracellular folate-methionine cycle. Activated AMPK regulates cellular energy metabolism, such as promoting glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation. In glucose metabolism, it increases the translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the cell membrane, thereby enhancing cellular glucose uptake capacity, improving insulin resistance, and aiding in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects on Other Pathways: Beyond the AMPK pathway, MOTS-c also acts on the AKT pathway, oxidative stress pathway, and inflammation-related pathways. Regarding the AKT pathway, it may influence cellular processes like growth, proliferation, and survival by regulating the pathway's activity. In the oxidative stress pathway, MOTS-C reduces intracellular oxidative stress levels, decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and protects cells from oxidative damage. In inflammation-related pathways, it suppresses the release of inflammatory mediators and alleviates inflammatory responses. For instance, in inflammatory pain models, MOTS-C reduces inflammatory mediator release in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, thereby improving pain symptoms\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" style=\"max-height: 400px; min-height: 150px; object-fit: contain;\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/metabolites\/metabolites-13-00125\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/metabolites-13-00125-g001-550.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" data-original=\"https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/metabolites\/metabolites-13-00125\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/metabolites-13-00125-g001.png\" data-large=\"https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/metabolites\/metabolites-13-00125\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/metabolites-13-00125-g001.png\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 The primary physiological functions of MOTS-C include reducing insulin resistance, preventing obesity, improving muscle function, promoting bone metabolism, enhancing immune regulation, and delaying aging\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Gene Expression\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNuclear Gene Expression Regulation: When cells encounter metabolic stress, such as glucose restriction and oxidative stress, MOTS-C translocates to the nucleus to directly regulate adaptive nuclear gene expression, thereby promoting intracellular homeostasis. For example, MOTS-C modulates the expression of metabolism-related genes like GLUT4, STAT3, and IL-10, influencing physiological processes including glucose metabolism and immune regulation. Increased GLUT4 expression enhances cellular glucose uptake; STAT3 participates in cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune regulation; IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, reduces inflammatory responses when its expression is elevated\u003csup\u003e[1,3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnhancing Energy Metabolism\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnhanced Glycolysis: In various disease models, such as the lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) model induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), MOTS-c pretreatment enhances glycolytic flux in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). It mitigates LIRI injury by restoring cellular energy homeostasis and reducing lipid peroxidation through upregulating the key glycolytic enzyme PFKFB3. This demonstrates that MOTS-c modulates the glycolytic pathway to supply sufficient energy for cells under stress, thereby maintaining normal cellular function\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCellular Protection Effects\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMitigation of Mitochondrial Damage: In a radiation pneumonitis (RP) model, MOTS-c significantly reduced lung tissue injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress while reversing alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and mitochondrial damage. This mechanism involves increasing nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels and promoting its nuclear translocation. Nrf2 activates a series of antioxidant and cell-protective genes, safeguarding mitochondrial function. This demonstrates that MOTS-c protects damaged tissues by preserving mitochondria and reducing apoptosis\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtection of Other Cells: In studies on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), MOTS-c was found to possess intrinsic muscle-targeting properties. It enhances glycolytic flux and energy production capacity in dystrophic muscles, contributing to improved muscle function. Furthermore, in inflammatory pain models, MOTS-c administered centrally or peripherally alleviates pain hypersensitivity by suppressing inflammatory responses and neuronal hyperexcitability, offering neuroprotective effects\u003csup\u003e[2,6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of MOTS-c?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment of Metabolic Disorders:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImproving insulin resistance and preventing diabetes: MOTS-c enhances insulin resistance, which is crucial for preventing type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is a key factor in the onset of type 2 diabetes. MOTS-c may improve insulin sensitivity by activating the AICAR-AMPK signaling pathway and regulating the intracellular folate-methionine cycle. Research by Gao Y indicates it promotes skeletal muscle glucose uptake and utilization, akin to opening additional glucose absorption pathways in cells, thereby lowering blood glucose levels\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulating lipid metabolism and combating obesity: Regarding lipid metabolism, MOTS-c increases brown fat thermogenesis and promotes white fat browning. Brown fat consumes energy through thermogenesis, while white fat browning signifies the transformation of energy-storing white fat into energy-consuming brown fat. This process aids the body in adapting to cold and, more importantly, prevents obesity and lipid metabolism disorders, offering new insights for obesity prevention and treatment \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevention and Treatment of Muscle-Related Diseases:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePromoting Muscle Differentiation: In vitro studies show that wild-type MOTS-c peptide enhances myotubular formation in human (LHCN-M2) and mouse (C2C12) muscle progenitor cells, whereas the Y8F mutant peptide lacks this effect. Further studies revealed that MOTS-c enhances myotubulogenesis by interacting with the IL-6\/Janus kinase\/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, thereby reducing STAT3 transcriptional activity\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevention of Muscle Atrophy: Plasma MOTS-c levels negatively correlate with myostatin levels. MOTS-c prevents palmitate-induced myotube atrophy in differentiated C2C12 cells and reduces plasma myostatin levels in diet-induced obese mice. It prevents muscle atrophy by enhancing AKT phosphorylation, inhibiting the activity of FOXO1—an upstream transcription factor of myostatin and other muscle-atrophy genes—while regulating mTORC2 and PTEN activity and increasing CK2 activity to suppress PTEN\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-aging effects: MOTS-c expression changes are closely linked to aging, and it exhibits anti-aging properties. This is achieved through multiple mechanisms, including improving glucose and lipid metabolism, enhancing cellular mitochondrial function, and reducing systemic chronic inflammation. Research by Gao Y et al. indicates that improved metabolism provides cells with more abundant and stable energy supply. Enhancing mitochondrial function is akin to upgrading the cell's “energy factory,” while reducing inflammatory responses minimizes inflammatory damage to cells\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a mitochondrial-derived peptide, MOTS-c activates signaling pathways like AMPK to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, promote white-to-brown fat conversion, and improve insulin resistance and obesity, offering novel therapeutic directions for metabolic disorders. It enhances osteoblast differentiation, suppresses osteoclast formation, balances bone metabolism, and supports skeletal health maintenance. It regulates muscle differentiation and prevents atrophy, holding potential for intervention in muscle-related disorders. MOTS-c exhibits strong exercise-related associations: exercise upregulates its expression, and it mediates exercise-induced health benefits. MOTS-c also plays a role in delaying aging and related processes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Gao Y, Wei X, Wei P, et al. MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders. \u003cem\u003eMetabolites\u003c\/em\u003e 2023; \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c\/strong\u003e(1).DOI: 10.3390\/metabo13010125.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2] Wang Z, Yang L, Xu L, Liao J, Lu P, Jiang J. Central and peripheral mechanism of MOTS-c attenuates pain hypersensitivity in a  mice model of inflammatory pain. Neurological Research 2024; 46(2): 165-177.DOI: 10.1080\/01616412.2023.2258584.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3] Benayoun BA, Lee C. MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Encoded Regulator of the Nucleus. Bioessays 2019; 41(9): e1900046.DOI: 10.1002\/bies.201900046.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4] Shen Z, Lu P, Jin W, et al. MOTS-c Promotes Glycolysis via AMPK-HIF-1α-PFKFB3 Pathway to Ameliorate  CPB-induced Lung Injury. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology\u003c\/em\u003e 2025. 10.1165\/rcmb.2024-0533OC.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5] Zhang Y, Huang J, Zhang Y, et al. The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Alleviates Radiation Pneumonitis via an Nrf2-Dependent Mechanism. Antioxidants 2024; 13. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:269876125.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6] Ran N, Lin C, Leng L, et al. MOTS-c promotes phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer uptake and efficacy in  dystrophic mice. \u003cem\u003eEmbo Molecular Medicine\u003c\/em\u003e 2021; \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c\/strong\u003e(2): e12993.DOI: 10.15252\/emmm.202012993.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7] García-Benlloch S, Revert-Ros F, Blesa JR, Alis R. MOTS-c promotes muscle differentiation in vitro. Peptides 2022; 155: 170840.DOI: 10.1016\/j.peptides.2022.170840.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[8] Kumagai H, Coelho AR, Wan J, et al. MOTS-c reduces myostatin and muscle atrophy signaling. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism\u003c\/em\u003e 2021; \u003cstrong\u003e320\u003c\/strong\u003e(4): E680-E690.DOI: 10.1152\/ajpendo.00275.2020.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"40MG","offer_id":45965298303166,"sku":null,"price":120.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/MOTS-c.jpg?v=1781294667"},{"product_id":"5-amino-1mq","title":"5-Amino-1MQ","description":"\u003ch2\u003e5-Amino-1MQ Product Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap break-words\"\u003e5-Amino-1MQ is a synthetic compound that inhibits the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). By blocking this enzyme, it modulates cellular NAD+ and SAM levels, which affects energy production and fat metabolism pathways in experimental models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap break-words\"\u003ePreclinical research in laboratory settings demonstrates effects on weight-related processes, muscle tissue preservation, mitochondrial function, and cellular aging mechanisms. This methylquinolinium derivative represents a research compound of interest for fundamental studies of metabolic processes and cellular longevity mechanisms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eN\/A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e11\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e159.21 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e685079-15-6\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e950107\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e5-amino-1-methylquinolinium；PMX593N4N3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5-Amino-1MQ\u003c\/strong\u003e Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhat is the research background of 5-Amino-1MQ?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin the evolving field of metabolic health and longevity research, identifying effective interventions to address metabolic disorders and delay aging remains a central scientific focus. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) exhibits high activity in adipose tissue and liver. By methylating nicotinamide, it reduces its conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺). NAD⁺ is crucial for cellular basal metabolism, energy production, DNA repair, and signaling pathways. Maintaining its optimal levels is vital for cellular health and combating aging and metabolic dysfunction. In 2017, researchers at the University of Texas first investigated 5-Amino-1MQ while seeking methods to inhibit NNMT. Given NNMT's strong association with obesity and type 2 diabetes, the researchers hypothesized that blocking NNMT could potentially open new avenues for treating obesity and its metabolic complications. This formed the critical backdrop for the 5-Amino-1MQ research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action for 5-Amino-1MQ?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInhibiting cervical cancer cell proliferation: 5MQ is a small-molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) that exhibits significant antiproliferative effects on the HeLa epithelial cervical carcinoma cell line, with this effect being concentration- and time-dependent. NNMT is a metabolic enzyme associated with tumor progression and metastasis. By inhibiting NNMT, 5MQ likely disrupts a series of intracellular metabolic pathways linked to tumor growth. For instance, 5MQ may interfere with nicotinamide metabolism-related signaling pathways. Imbalances in nicotinamide metabolism could further impact cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, and other processes, thereby suppressing cancer cell proliferation. In experiments, as 5MQ concentration increased and treatment duration extended, HeLa cell proliferation exhibited progressively pronounced inhibition. Concurrently, morphological changes including cell shrinkage, loss of intercellular adhesion, and apoptotic bodies were observed, indicating that 5MQ induces apoptosis, thereby suppressing cell proliferation \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Related Gene and Protein Expression: Following 5MQ treatment of HeLa cells, mRNA levels of ZEB1, SIRT1, and CD16 increased, while TWIST and SERPIN1 mRNA levels decreased. Concurrently, expression of the oncogenic proteins phospho-Akt and SIRT1 diminished. These genes and proteins play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and progression. For instance, TWIST and SERPIN1 are typically associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. By reducing their expression, 5MQ may suppress the invasive and metastatic capabilities of HeLa cells. Although mRNA levels of ZEB1 and SIRT1 increased, the expression of the oncogenic protein SIRT1 decreased. This may occur because 5MQ affects post-transcriptional regulation, inhibiting SIRT1 protein function and thereby affecting cell proliferation and survival. Phosphorylated Akt plays a crucial role in cell survival, proliferation, and metabolic regulation. 5MQ's reduction in its expression may inhibit cancer cell proliferation and survival by blocking related signaling pathways\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of 5-Amino-1MQ?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn metabolic health research, its core function is to restore cellular metabolic balance by inhibiting NNMT. NNMT consumes nicotinamide (a precursor of NAD⁺) and impacts methyl donor metabolism, while 5-Amino-1MQ blocks this process: on one hand, it reduces nicotinamide methylation consumption in adipocytes, elevating intracellular NAD⁺ levels to activate NAD⁺-dependent longevity genes (such as SIRT1) and optimize mitochondrial function— a process that promotes lipolysis, inhibits lipogenesis, helps regulate energy metabolism in adipose tissue, and reduces excess fat accumulation. On the other hand, it also alleviates insulin resistance commonly seen in metabolic disorders by improving insulin signaling pathway sensitivity, while potentially indirectly regulating hepatic gluconeogenesis to assist in maintaining stable blood glucose levels. Furthermore, its potential impact on gut microbiota is under investigation, with speculation that it may indirectly support overall metabolic homeostasis by regulating microbial metabolic activity (e.g., reducing harmful metabolite production).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn cancer research, its application focuses on targeting the “metabolic vulnerability” of tumor cells. To sustain rapid proliferation, tumor cells often rely on abnormally active metabolic pathways (such as the Warburg effect), and NNMT is highly expressed in some tumor cells, supporting their metabolism. By inhibiting NNMT, 5-Amino-1MQ disrupts tumor cell metabolism in two ways: First, it reduces intracellular NAD⁺ levels, impairing energy production, leading to insufficient energy and biosynthetic substrates required for proliferation; Second, it impairs the utilization of methyl donors, disrupting epigenetic regulatory processes like DNA methylation in tumor cells, thereby suppressing gene expression associated with proliferation and metastasis. Additionally, it may indirectly inhibit tumor growth and spread by modulating metabolic factors in the tumor microenvironment, providing a basis for exploring tumor metabolic intervention strategies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a fundamental research tool, it serves as a key method for deciphering NNMT's physiological functions. Researchers can precisely block NNMT activity using 5-Amino-1MQ in cellular or animal models to observe subsequent changes in metabolic indicators. For instance, in cellular experiments, monitoring NAD⁺ concentrations, methyl donor levels, and the activity of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis can clarify NNMT's specific role in cellular metabolism. In animal models, combined with tissue-specific sample analysis, it enables exploration of NNMT's tissue-specific functions—such as its impact on hepatic metabolism during aging or its regulation of energy supply in neurons. Furthermore, leveraging the differential responses across cell lines (e.g., normal cells showing low sensitivity versus pronounced responses in metabolically abnormal or tumor cells) can aid in deciphering specific cellular metabolic mechanisms, guiding subsequent targeted research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the domains of muscle health and cognition, its application centers on the “energy metabolism - cellular function” relationship. In muscle health research, muscle repair relies on the activation and proliferation of satellite cells, a process requiring adequate energy supply. —5-Amino-1MQ promotes satellite cell activation by maintaining intracellular NAD⁺ levels in muscle cells. Simultaneously, it optimizes mitochondrial function to enhance muscle energy metabolism efficiency, alleviating recovery stress post-muscle injury. It may also reduce oxidative stress in muscle tissue, protecting cells from damage caused by excessive metabolic byproducts. In cognitive research, brain neurons exhibit extremely high energy demands, and declining NAD⁺ levels correlate with neural function decline. 5-Amino-1MQ preserves neuronal NAD⁺ supply by inhibiting NNMT, thereby safeguarding mitochondrial function and reducing neuroinflammation. It may also influence neurotransmitter metabolism (via NAD⁺-dependent enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis) to support cognitive-related neuronal activity (e.g., cellular function in learning\/memory regions like the hippocampus), offering novel perspectives for cognitive function maintenance research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a specific inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), 5-Amino-1MQ demonstrates core value across multiple domains by targeting NNMT-regulated metabolic pathways. It can improve obesity and insulin resistance by maintaining NAD⁺ levels, optimizing mitochondrial function, and restoring metabolic balance. It also targets metabolic vulnerabilities in tumor cells, disrupting their energy production and epigenetic regulation to inhibit tumor growth. Furthermore, it serves as a research tool for elucidating NNMT function while demonstrating potential roles in muscle repair and cognitive maintenance, providing key directions for intervention studies in metabolic diseases, cancer, and related conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Akar S, Duran T, Azzawri AA, Koçak N, Çelik Ç, Yıldırım Hİ. Small molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase shows  anti-proliferative activity in HeLa cells. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology\u003c\/em\u003e 2021; 41(8): 1240-1245.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"50MG","offer_id":45965446873278,"sku":null,"price":80.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/5-Amino-1MQ.jpg?v=1781294614"},{"product_id":"humanin","title":"Humanin HNG","description":"\u003ch2\u003eHumanin Product Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003eHumanin is a mitochondrial-derived peptide known for its role in cellular protection and stress response. It is composed of 24 amino acids and has been extensively studied for its interaction with various cellular pathways. Humanin is involved in modulating apoptotic processes, which are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Researchers are particularly interested in its potential applications in neurobiology and aging, as it appears to influence mitochondrial function and cellular resilience.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.9561%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 74.6924%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.9561%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 74.6924%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMet-Ala-Pro-Arg-Gly-Phe-Ser-Cys-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Thr-Gly-Glu-Ile-Asp-Leu-Pro-Val-Lys-Arg-Arg-Ala\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.9561%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 74.6924%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e1\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e8\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.9561%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 74.6924%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e2657.25 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.9561%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 74.6924%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Yjhzub\"\u003e330936-70-4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.9561%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 74.6924%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e16131438\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.9561%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 74.6924%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan data-processed=\"true\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" class=\"T286Pc\"\u003e [Gly14]-Humanin, sHNG, [Gly14]-HN, S14G-Humanin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"tab-content active\" id=\"tab-description\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"section1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHumanin is a remarkable mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) that has garnered significant attention for its diverse roles in cellular health and disease prevention. Mitochondrial peptides, such as humanin and MOTS-c, are a class of bioactive molecules produced within mitochondria that play crucial roles in cellular stress responses, apoptosis regulation, and maintaining mitochondrial health. Encoded within the mitochondrial genome, humanin is produced from a short open reading frame and is highly conserved across chordate species, underscoring its evolutionary importance as an ancient mitochondrial signal. In contrast to the nuclear genome, which encodes most mammalian mitochondrial proteins, humanin is one of the few peptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA itself, highlighting the complexity of mitochondrial-nuclear interactions. The evolutionary importance of humanin is further emphasized by the role of mammalian mitochondrial proteins in mitochondrial function, dynamics, and quality control. As a mitochondrial derived peptide, humanin is involved in regulating critical cellular processes such as apoptosis, insulin sensitivity, and the modulation of inflammatory markers. Cohen P is recognized as a leading researcher in the field of mitochondrial peptides and aging, contributing significantly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that influence lifespan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch using humanin transgenic mice has provided valuable insights into its physiological functions. These mice exhibit unique phenotypes, including reduced body length, body weight, and litter size, which mirror some effects observed in other model organisms like C. elegans. Notably, humanin has demonstrated a protective effect against toxic insults, such as cyclophosphamide-induced male germ cell apoptosis, highlighting its role in protecting germ cells and safeguarding reproductive health. Furthermore, humanin’s influence on insulin sensitivity positions it as a potential modulator of metabolic health, while its ability to regulate inflammatory markers suggests a broader impact on immune function and chronic disease prevention. Importantly, humanin levels generally decline with age across multiple species, and this decrease is associated with aging-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s and MELAS, suggesting that maintaining or increasing humanin levels may be linked to improved healthspan and lifespan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the mitochondrial derived peptide humanin stands out as a key player in maintaining cellular homeostasis, protecting germ cells, and supporting metabolic and immune health through its actions at the mitochondrial level. The integrity and composition of mitochondrial membranes are crucial for the proper localization and function of humanin, influencing its neuroprotective and metabolic effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePotential Health Benefits of Humanin in Oxidative Stress\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt has been implicated in protecting neurons from various stresses, with the humanin peptide exerting neuroprotective effects by interacting with specific membrane receptors such as the trimeric receptor complex (CNTFR, WSX-1, gp130) and FPR2, potentially offering therapeutic benefits for neurodegenerative diseases. The HN peptide is also recognized for its antiapoptotic properties, contributing to its neuroprotective function.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHumanin may possess anti-inflammatory properties, which could be beneficial in mitigating inflammation-related conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt has been demonstrated to inhibit cell death pathways, specifically by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and reducing cell apoptosis, including in tunel positive cells, suggesting a role in promoting cell survival and tissue integrity. These properties make humanin a promising target for therapeutic research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDerived peptide humanin protects various cell types from oxidative stress and apoptosis. Additionally, humanin has been shown to protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative damage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Takeaways of Humanin Guide 2025\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHumanin shows promising multifaceted therapeutic potential across neurodegenerative, metabolic, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer, though further clinical trials are necessary to validate its efficacy. Notably, levels of humanin have been associated with health status and disease risk in various studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHumanin’s therapeutic effects are mediated through receptor interactions, signaling pathways like PI3K\/Akt, and mitochondrial stabilization, influencing gene expression related to mitochondrial and cellular health, enhancing cell survival and potentially benefiting various health conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHumanin offers versatile administration options including intravenous, subcutaneous, oral formulations, and nasal sprays\/drops, potentially enhancing accessibility and effectiveness in therapeutic applications.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHumanin is primarily used in specific health conditions like cognitive decline, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and triple negative breast cancer, but caution is needed due to potential contraindications such as allergies, pregnancy, severe chronic diseases, autoimmune disorders, and uncontrolled medical conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHumanin is generally well-tolerated, but individuals should be mindful of potential mild gastrointestinal and systemic side effects, seeking medical advice if symptoms persist.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"section4\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is the mitochondrial derived peptide Humanin\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA mitochondrial-derived peptide, humanin (HN), consisting of 24 amino acids, works quite miraculously. It is one of several recently discovered mitochondrial peptides with important biological functions. It is known for its neuroprotective and cytoprotective properties.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe peptide’s ability to protect cells from stress-induced injury and inhibit apoptotic pathways makes it useful in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, where cell death induced by amyloid-beta peptides is a hallmark. Therefore, humanin works as a rescue factor abolishing neuronal cell death and preserving neuronal functions by preventing cell death induced by neurodegenerative factors. The effect of HN has also been demonstrated in experimental models of neurodegenerative disease, where it reduces neuronal loss and improves cellular survival.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBesides its neuroprotective functions, HN exerts potential benefits in metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases by maintaining cardiac mitochondrial function and supporting mitochondrial bioenergetics. Nonetheless, more clinical trials are needed to determine its efficacy and therapeutic role in human cells. Key studies published in Proc Natl Acad Sci have advanced understanding of humanin and its biological significance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"section5\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHow Does Humanin Work in Mitochondrial Function?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHumanin works in various ways to exert its therapeutic role in different health conditions. Primarily, humanin interacts with target cells and exerts its effects through multiple mechanisms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHumanin binds certain protective membrane receptors like formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) and the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR), mediating humanin’s cytoprotective and signaling effects. These receptors increase cell survival in stressful conditions and damage. In addition, humanin interacts with growth factor binding proteins such as IGFBP3, which modulate its effects on apoptosis and metabolic regulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe peptide also activates signaling cascades like PI3K\/Akt, which play an important role in inhibiting programmed cell death, thereby prolonging the lifespan of cells, especially cortical neurons. Humanin inhibits the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by interacting with key proteins involved in mitochondrial-mediated cell death.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, humanin peptide suppresses apoptosis, which is particularly helpful in age-related diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeing a mitochondrial-derived peptide, humanin helps stabilize mitochondrial membrane potential and reduces oxidative stress by decreasing reactive oxygen species. The integrity and composition of mitochondrial membranes play a key role in humanin’s function and its ability to protect mitochondrial health. This is crucial for energy production and cell survival, helping prevent neuronal cell death. Humanin belongs to a broader family of mitochondrial peptides, which are involved in cellular signaling, stress responses, and maintaining mitochondrial health. By supporting energy production, humanin also contributes to mitochondrial bioenergetics, enhancing cellular energy metabolism and resilience.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"section6\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"section10\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch on Humanin in Humanin Transgenic Mice\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe humanin gene is encoded within mitochondrial DNA and is highly conserved across species, functioning as an ancient mitochondrial signal. Endogenous hn is naturally expressed in various cells and tissues, where its regulation is linked to biological functions such as cellular stress responses, mitochondrial health, aging, and disease mechanisms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHumanin exhibits a high level of cortical rescue activity leading to neuroprotective effects.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOne human experimental model suggests that the HNGF6A analog of humanin plays a therapeutic role in diseases such as diabetes.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRecent studies suggest that humanin may play a beneficial role in Parkinson’s disease due to its mitochondrial membrane stabilizing properties.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStudies report that humanin can improve cognition in mice with induced intracerebral hemorrhage, proving its role in brain recovery. Some studies specifically use male mice to assess the protective effects of humanin against male germ cell apoptosis, and demonstrate that humanin protects germ cells from various stressors.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eResearch suggests that humanin can help improve object memory by increasing acetylcholine levels in the hippocampus.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHumanin is known to increase insulin sensitivity and enhance pancreatic β cell survival, leading to therapeutic efficacy in diabetes mellitus.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHumanin exhibits a proapoptotic activity of TNF-alpha in tumor cells. Studies often use specific murine and human breast cancer cell lines, such as 4T1, MCF7, T47D, and MDA-MB-231, to investigate humanin’s effects on apoptosis and survival. Humanin is also overexpressed in pituitary tumor cells compared to normal pituitary tissue, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis and resistance to apoptosis. This suggests a potential role of humanin in cancer treatment. Additionally, enhancing chemotherapy induced suppression of tumor growth has been observed with humanin administration in preclinical models. In male mice, studies on male germ cells have shown that humanin provides cytoprotective effects and prevents apoptosis during injury or chemotherapy.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"section11\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHumanin and Healthspan: Implications for Longevity and Aging\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHumanin, a mitochondrial derived peptide, has emerged as a significant factor in the quest to extend healthspan—the period of life spent in good health, free from chronic disease and disability. Research has shown that humanin plays a pivotal role in supporting longevity by enhancing the body’s resilience to age-related diseases and cellular stressors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies involving humanin transgenic mice have provided compelling evidence for humanin’s impact on healthspan. These mice display improved metabolic health, marked by better regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and a notable reduction in oxidative stress. By minimizing the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species, humanin helps preserve mitochondrial function, which is essential for maintaining cellular energy and vitality as organisms age.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the key protective mechanisms of the humanin peptide is its ability to suppress apoptosis, or programmed cell death. This function is especially critical in tissues vulnerable to age-related decline, such as neuronal cells in the brain and pancreatic beta cells responsible for insulin production. By promoting cell survival in these vital cell types, humanin contributes to the prevention of neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and supports metabolic health, reducing the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, humanin’s protective effects extend to cardiovascular health. By safeguarding cardiac cells from oxidative stress and apoptosis, humanin helps reduce the incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of morbidity in older adults. Its broad cytoprotective actions make it a promising candidate for interventions aimed at delaying the onset of age related diseases and enhancing overall healthspan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the mitochondrial derived peptide humanin stands out as a key modulator of longevity, working at the cellular level to combat oxidative stress, support metabolic and cardiovascular health, and promote the survival of critical cell populations. Ongoing research continues to explore how boosting humanin levels or mimicking its actions could pave the way for novel therapies to extend healthy years of life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"section14\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHumanin as a Neuroprotective and Cytoprotective Peptide\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHumanin is a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide released by astrocytes and other cells in response to stress. As one of the identified mitochondrial derived peptides, humanin represents a new class of bioactive molecules. These mitochondrial peptides are produced within mitochondria and play key roles in cellular stress responses, apoptosis regulation, and maintaining mitochondrial health. Humanin exhibits neuroprotective effects by interacting with specific cell surface receptors to activate pathways that enhance cell survival, reduce oxidative stress, and protect against apoptosis; the HN peptide is particularly noted for its antiapoptotic properties and its role in preventing cell death due to oxidative stress and neurodegenerative conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHumanin’s ability to preserve mitochondrial function and regulate inflammatory responses makes it a promising therapeutic candidate for neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and aging-related cellular damage. It also supports mitochondrial bioenergetics, influencing cellular energy production and metabolic regulation. It is recognized as a mitochondrial protein affecting lifespan in various species. Endogenous humanin levels are regulated within the body and may serve as biomarkers of cellular stress and injury.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"section19\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eHumanin is a mitochondrial-derived peptide with significant roles in regulating apoptosis, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and modulating inflammatory markers. Its overexpression is linked to increased lifespan in model organisms, and it protects cells from stress and toxic insults. Circulating humanin levels decline with age but remain stable in long-lived species like the naked mole-rat. Higher humanin levels in offspring of centenarians suggest a connection to longevity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHumanin’s therapeutic potential spans age-related diseases including triple negative breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Studies highlight its involvement in tumor cell survival and chemoresistance, emphasizing its relevance in cancer research. Its role in metabolic and cardiovascular health further underscores clinical promise. Ongoing research into humanin’s mechanisms and impact on inflammatory markers will be crucial for developing novel therapies aimed at lifespan extension and age-related disease management.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eReference\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eKarachaliou CE, Livaniou E. Neuroprotective Action of Humanin and Humanin Analogues: Research Findings and Perspectives. Biology (Basel). 2023 Dec 16;12(12):1534.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eSalahuddin Z, Rafi A, Muhammad H, et al. Revolutionalizing the age old conventional treatment of psoriasis: An animal based comparative study between methylprednisolone and different doses of a novel anti-oxidant humanin analogue (HNG). Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Sep;110:108990.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots2\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eSponne I, Fifre A, Koziel V, et al. Humanin rescues cortical neurons from prion-peptide-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2004 Jan;25(1):95-102.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eMuzumdar RH, Huffman DM, Atzmon G, et al. Humanin: a novel central regulator of peripheral insulin action. PLoS One. 2009 Jul 22;4(7):e6334.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots4\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eKim KH. Intranasal delivery of mitochondrial protein humanin rescues cell death and promotes mitochondrial function in Parkinson’s disease. Theranostics. 2023 May 29;13(10):3330-3345.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots5\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eJung JE, Sun G, Bautista Garrido J, et al. The Mitochondria-Derived Peptide Humanin Improves Recovery from Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Implication of Mitochondria Transfer and Microglia Phenotype Change. J Neurosci. 2020 Mar 4;40(10):2154-2165.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots6\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eIkegawa N, Kozuka A, Morita N, et al. Humanin derivative, HNG, enhances neurotransmitter release. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2022 Oct;1866(10):130204.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots7\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eBoutari C, Pappas PD, Theodoridis TD, et al. Humanin and diabetes mellitus: A review of in vitro and in vivo studies. World J Diabetes. 2022 Mar 15;13(3):213-223.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots8\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eHazafa A, Batool A, Ahmad S, et al. Humanin: A mitochondrial-derived peptide in the treatment of apoptosis-related diseases. Life Sci. 2021 Jan 1;264:118679.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots9\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eNiikura T. Humanin and Alzheimer’s disease: The beginning of a new field. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2022 Jan;1866(1):130024.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots10\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eCoradduzza D, Congiargiu A, Chen Z, et al. Humanin and Its Pathophysiological Roles in Aging: A Systematic Review. Biology (Basel). 2023 Apr 6;12(4):558.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots11\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eKim SJ, Devgan A, Miller B, et al. Humanin-induced autophagy plays important roles in skeletal muscle function and lifespan extension. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2022 Jan;1866(1):130017.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots12\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eGong Z, Tasset I. Humanin enhances the cellular response to stress by activation of chaperone-mediated autophagy. Oncotarget. 2018 Feb 3;9(13):10832-10833.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots13\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eGong Z, Tasset I, Diaz A, et al. Humanin is an endogenous activator of chaperone-mediated autophagy. J Cell Biol. 2018 Feb 5;217(2):635-647.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots14\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eHazafa A, Batool A, Ahmad S, et al. Humanin: A mitochondrial-derived peptide in the treatment of apoptosis-related diseases. Life Sci. 2021 Jan 1;264:118679.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"display: inline;\" id=\"dots15\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp data-pm-slice='1 1 [\"orderedList\",{\"id\":\"e7ac6771-65bf-4f5d-aec9-51dbb712eda1\",\"start\":1},\"listItem\",{}]'\u003eCoradduzza D, Congiargiu A, Chen Z, et al. Humanin and Its Pathophysiological Roles in Aging: A Systematic Review. Biology (Basel). 2023 Apr 6;12(4):558.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"desc\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"wrappern post third hidden1 visible animated fadeInDown\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"readmoren1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":45965526237374,"sku":null,"price":140.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/HumaninHNG.jpg?v=1781294521"},{"product_id":"aod-9604","title":"AOD-9604","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOD-9604 Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAOD-9604 is a research peptide consisting of amino acids 177–191 of the human growth hormone sequence. Studies indicate it modulates lipid and glucose metabolism pathways without influencing IGF-1 activity, acting primarily through β-adrenergic and AMPK-related mechanisms. It is commonly used in metabolic and adipocyte differentiation research to elucidate downstream energy regulation signaling.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 137.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e H-Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys(1)-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys(1)-Gly-Phe-OH\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e78\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e123\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e23\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e23\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e1815.1 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e221231-10-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e71300630\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eAOD-9604, AOD 9604\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"research\"\u003eAOD9604 Research\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1. AOD9604 and Obesity\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis peptide was originally created as a modified growth hormone fragment with the primary goal of assisting weight management. In mid-stage clinical work involving a sizeable group of adults with obesity, once-daily dosing over several weeks produced greater average weight reduction compared to placebo, and the pace of weight loss remained steady throughout the observation period. These findings suggest that the body does not quickly adapt to or resist its effects, raising the possibility that extended use under appropriate conditions could lead to more substantial fat loss.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. Joint Pain and Function\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreclinical research in animals with experimentally induced joint degeneration has shown that injecting AOD9604 directly into affected joints can complement existing treatments. In these models, the peptide has been associated with reduced pain-related behaviors, improved mobility, and measurable changes in cartilage structure that are consistent with healthier joint tissue. Although it appears to have beneficial effects on its own, outcomes are often better when AOD9604 is combined with other joint-supporting therapies, suggesting a synergistic potential and pointing to new avenues for exploring cartilage repair strategies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e3. AOD9604 and Heart Health\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile reducing excess fat and body weight is known to lower cardiovascular risk, investigations suggest that AOD9604 may have additional influences on metabolic processes that are relevant to heart health. Some findings indicate that it could improve certain metabolic markers independently of its role in fat loss, similar to how other compounds can modify metabolic risk factors without necessarily causing weight reduction. The alternative pathways through which AOD9604 promotes changes in fat tissue, beyond beta-3 adrenergic receptor activity, are of particular interest for their potential impact on broader metabolic balance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn animal testing, AOD9604 has generally shown a favorable tolerability profile, with good absorption when given orally and effective uptake when administered by injection. Dosages used in animal experiments cannot be directly translated to appropriate amounts for human use. This compound is intended strictly for controlled laboratory and scientific research and is not approved for human consumption or therapeutic application.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46001138335934,"sku":null,"price":80.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/AOD-9604.jpg?v=1781294269"},{"product_id":"ss-31","title":"SS-31","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSS-31 Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSS-31, also known as Elamipretide, possesses lipophilic characteristics enabling it to penetrate cell membranes and specifically localize to the inner mitochondrial membrane, demonstrating targeted action. As a mitochondrial-targeted peptide, SS-31 is molecularly engineered to interact with phospholipid components of the inner mitochondrial membrane, enabling precise regulation of mitochondrial structure and function. It is classified as a mitochondrial function modulator.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 137.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e D-Arg-Tyr(2,6-diMe)-Lys-Phe\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e32\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e49\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e9\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e639.8 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"info-value\"\u003e736992-21-5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e11764719\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 21.6696%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 75.5478%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eelamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eSS-31 Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of SS-31?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research background of SS-31 stems from an in-depth understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction and the limitations of existing therapeutic approaches. Mitochondria are pivotal for cellular activity and function, and their dysfunction is associated with the onset and progression of various diseases, such as kidney disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and heart failure. In these conditions, abnormalities in mitochondrial biogenesis, morphology, function, and dynamic changes emerge, making mitochondria a critical therapeutic target. Although several mitochondrial-targeted drugs exist—including NAD+ supplements like nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), the mitochondrial-targeted protective compound MitoQ, and the antioxidant coenzyme Q10—traditional medications face clinical limitations due to poor mitochondrial uptake or high toxicity. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop more effective, targeted therapies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStress-induced heart failure represents one of the primary causes of heart failure globally, with its pathophysiology closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and myocardial interstitial fibrosis. Identifying effective therapeutic approaches is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Against this backdrop, researchers developed SS-31, a novel mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, to address the therapeutic needs for mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases. It specifically acts on the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing mitochondrial structure and function while reducing oxidative stress, demonstrating efficacy in multiple disease models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of SS-31?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulating mitochondrial membrane function\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInteraction with cardiolipin: Elamipretide crosses the outer mitochondrial membrane and binds to cardiolipin. Cardiolipin is a key phospholipid component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, playing a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial structure and function. Through this interaction, Elamipretide improves mitochondrial bioenergetics and morphology. This process manifests as rapid enhancement of mitochondrial function in induced pluripotent stem cells, particularly in cells derived from patients with Barth syndrome and other inherited pediatric cardiomyopathies\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAltering membrane physical properties: Mitchell W's research indicates that Elamipretide interacts with the lipid bilayer, modifying the physical properties of the mitochondrial membrane, particularly the electrostatic properties at the membrane interface. This peptide distributes to the membrane interface region with affinity and binding density directly correlated to surface charge. While it does not destabilize the lamellar bilayer at high binding concentrations, it induces saturation changes in lipid stacking, thereby affecting mitochondrial membrane function\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/c971\/9388406\/3e01867973e0\/10741_2021_10177_Fig1_HTML.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/c971\/9388406\/3e01867973e0\/10741_2021_10177_Fig1_HTML.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 Factors affecting cardiac energy supply and demand\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtecting the Nervous System\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnhancing Cognitive Function: In a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model of memory impairment, Elamipretide treatment significantly improved learning and memory abilities in the Morris water maze (MWM) and conditioned place fear tests. This ameliorative effect may be associated with its protection of mitochondrial function, reduction of oxidative stress, regulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway, and enhancement of synaptic structural complexity. LPS treatment induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and dendritic spine loss in the mouse hippocampus, while Elamipretide mitigated these injuries, demonstrating potential in preventing perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction (PND)\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInhibition of Neuronal Apoptosis: In spinal cord injury (SCI) studies, Elamipretide promotes functional recovery by suppressing pyroptosis, enhancing autophagy, and reducing lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP). It enhances autophagy by inhibiting cPLA2 phosphorylation while mitigating pyroptosis and LMP. Thus, Elamipretide plays a crucial role in repairing neurological injuries by regulating multiple cellular processes, reducing neuronal apoptosis, and promoting neural functional recovery\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/7996\/6865061\/0b878c0579be\/12974_2019_1627_Fig5_HTML.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/7996\/6865061\/0b878c0579be\/12974_2019_1627_Fig5_HTML.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 Elamipretide (SS-31) attenuated oxidative stress and the inflammatory response induced by LPS in the mouse hippocampus. a Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, b malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and c superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of SS-31?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeurological Disorders\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy: Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) can cause permanent vision loss due to blunt orbital trauma. Studies have investigated the neuroprotective effects of SS-31 combined with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor etanercept on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve injury. Tse B C's study using a mouse ultrasound-induced TON model (SI-TON) found that intravitreal injection of SS-31 combined with subcutaneous injection of etanercept and SS-31 significantly increased RGC survival by 21% (p \u0026lt; 0.01) compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control eyes. Combined subcutaneous injection of etanercept and SS-31 increased RGC survival by 11% (p \u0026lt; 0.05) compared to controls; subcutaneous injection of etanercept alone increased RGC survival by 20% (p \u0026lt; 0.01) compared to controls; Subcutaneous injection of SS-31 alone increased RGC survival by 17% compared to the control group (p \u0026lt; 0.01). These findings indicate that SS-31 exerts a protective effect on RGCs in treating traumatic optic neuropathy, thereby improving visual acuity in TON patients\u003csup\u003e [5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImprovement in α-Synuclein-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies are closely associated with the membrane binding and aggregation properties of α-synuclein. Stefaniak's research confirms that SS-31 can dose-dependently displace both wild-type and N-terminal acetylated α-synuclein from negatively charged small monolayer vesicles, inhibit membrane-induced α-synuclein aggregation, and alter its fibrillar morphology. Furthermore, SS-31 restores the displacement of synuclein from negatively charged small monolayer vesicles, inhibits membrane-induced α-synuclein aggregation, and alters its fibrillar morphology. Additionally, SS-31 can restore the displacement of synuclein - from negatively charged small unilamellar vesicles, inhibit membrane-induced α-SNIP aggregation, and alter its fibrillar morphology. Furthermore, SS-31 restored impaired mitochondrial function in neuroblastoma cells treated with α-SNIP oligomers and blocked cellular uptake of these oligomers. These findings highlight SS-31's multifaceted protective effects against α-synuclein aggregation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, positioning it to mitigate neurodegenerative diseases associated with α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCardiovascular Disease Domain\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImproving Mitochondrial Function in Heart Failure Patients: Adverse mitochondrial alterations are known to exist in heart failure (HF) patients. Studies treated fresh ex vivo failing and non-failing ventricular tissue from children and adults with SS-31, measuring mitochondrial oxygen flux, complex (C)I and CIV activity, and gel-based activity of supercomplex assembly. Chatfield's findings demonstrate impaired mitochondrial function in failing human hearts. Following SS-31 treatment, mitochondrial oxygen flux, CI and CIV activity, and CIV activity related to supercomplex assembly significantly improved, indicating SS-31 effectively enhances mitochondrial function in failing human hearts and can intervene in heart failure\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment of Barth Syndrome Cardiomyopathy: Barth syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal X-linked disorder characterized by high infant mortality and progression to cardiomyopathy with severe immune system impairment. SS-31 is a water-soluble, aromatic cationic, mitochondrial-targeted tetrapeptide that readily penetrates and transiently localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane. It promotes cellular health and alleviates oxidative stress by enhancing energy production and suppressing excessive reactive oxygen species formation. Sabbah research demonstrates that SS-31 rapidly improves mitochondrial bioenergetics and morphology in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients with Barth syndrome. Data from multiple disease models indicate SS-31 holds promise as a potential therapy for patients with Barth syndrome cardiomyopathy, demonstrating particularly pronounced effects in those diagnosed with cardiomyopathy. It may exert a lasting impact on cardiomyopathy progression while progressively structurally reversing the remodeling of failing left ventricles at global, cellular, and molecular levels\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMusculoskeletal Disease Domain: Demonstrated therapeutic potential in tendinopathy. Zhang X's study utilized a mouse supraspinatus tendinopathy model, dividing 126 mice (252 limbs) into six experimental groups. Results from Zhang X indicate that tendon rupture force decreased post-impact compared to intact tendons. This reduction was partially reversed after clamp removal, SS-31 treatment, or combined therapy, with stiffness exhibiting a similar pattern. Histological analysis revealed higher modified Bonar scores in the impact group, while combined therapy partially reversed morphological changes in the tendon. The impacted group exhibited reduced mitochondrial numbers and altered cristae organization and density. Following clamp removal and\/or SS-31 treatment, mitochondrial structure and quantity normalized, and cristae morphology improved. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased post-impact compared to controls but increased significantly after treatment, particularly in the combined therapy group. Mitochondria-related gene expression decreased in the impact group but rebounded after treatment. This demonstrates that SS-31, as a mitochondrial protector, improves mitochondrial function and promotes tendon healing, with enhanced efficacy when combined with subacromial impingement removal. It holds positive therapeutic potential for supraspinatus tendinopathy [8].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSS-31 (Elamipretide), as a mitochondrial-targeted tetrapeptide, achieves mitochondrial function protection and multi-system injury repair. It binds to phosphatidylserine in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing membrane structure and potential, enhancing respiratory chain complex activity to promote ATP production, and improving cellular energy metabolism. Simultaneously, it suppresses excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, upregulates antioxidant enzyme activity, and mitigates oxidative stress damage. Regarding inflammatory regulation, it inhibits NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, reducing pro-inflammatory factor release. It modulates autophagy pathways, suppresses apoptosis, and maintains mitochondrial homeostasis through related pathways. These actions confer beneficial effects in diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction across cardiovascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Sabbah HN. Elamipretide for Barth syndrome cardiomyopathy: gradual rebuilding of a failed  power grid. Heart Failure Reviews 2022; 27(5): 1911-1923.DOI: 10.1007\/s10741-021-10177-8.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2] Mitchell W, Ng EA, Tamucci JD, et al. Molecular Mechanism of Action of Mitochondrial Therapeutic SS-31 (Elamipretide): Membrane Interactions and Effects on Surface Electrostatics. \u003cem\u003eBiorxiv\u003c\/em\u003e 2019. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:202016574.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3] Zhao W, Xu Z, Cao J, et al. Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory  impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Neuroinflammation\u003c\/em\u003e 2019; \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c\/strong\u003e(1): 230.DOI: 10.1186\/s12974-019-1627-9.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4] Zhang H, Chen Y, Li F, et al. Elamipretide alleviates pyroptosis in traumatically injured spinal cord by inhibiting cPLA2-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Neuroinflammation\u003c\/em\u003e 2023; \u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c\/strong\u003e(1): 6.DOI: 10.1186\/s12974-023-02690-4.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5] Tse BC, Dvoriantchikova G, Tao W, et al. Mitochondrial targeted therapy with elamipretide (MTP-131) as an adjunct to tumor  necrosis factor inhibition for traumatic optic neuropathy in the acute setting. \u003cem\u003eExperimental Eye Research\u003c\/em\u003e 2020; \u003cstrong\u003e199\u003c\/strong\u003e: 108178.DOI:10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108178.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6] Stefaniak E, Cui B, Sun K, Yan X, Teng X, Ying L. Therapeutic Peptide SS-31 Modulates Membrane Binding and Aggregation of $\\alpha$-Synuclein and Restores Impaired Mitochondrial Function. \u003cem\u003eBiorxiv\u003c\/em\u003e 2024. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:271162443.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7] Chatfield KC, Sparagna GC, Chau S, et al. Elamipretide Improves Mitochondrial Function in the Failing Human Heart. \u003cem\u003eJacc-Basic to Translational Science\u003c\/em\u003e 2019; \u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c\/strong\u003e(2): 147-157.DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacbts.2018.12.005.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[8] Zhang X, Bowen E, Zhang M, Szeto HH, Deng XH, Rodeo SA. SS-31 as a Mitochondrial Protectant in the Treatment of Tendinopathy: Evaluation  in a Murine Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Model. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 2022; 104(21): 1886-1894.DOI: 10.2106\/JBJS.21.01449.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"50MG","offer_id":46001965007038,"sku":null,"price":200.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/SS-31.jpg?v=1781294218"},{"product_id":"nad","title":"NAD+","description":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eNAD＋ Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a key molecule widely present in living organisms, plays a vital role in maintaining health and extending lifespan. It serves a central role in cellular energy metabolism, supporting the normal functioning of cells, while also participating in DNA repair and cellular protection to help defend against oxidative stress and cellular damage. The advantages of NAD+ lie in its ability to activate anti-aging related factors, promote cell repair and regeneration, delay the aging process, enhance immunity, improve metabolic health, and exhibit positive effects in cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and other aspects. Its significance extends beyond maintaining daily health, as it also provides new possibilities for anti-aging and disease prevention.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eN\/A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e27\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e7\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e14\u003c\/sub\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e663.4 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e53-84-9\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e5892\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003enadide；coenzyme I；beta-NAD；Codehydrogenase I\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eNAD＋ Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is NAD+?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a crucial coenzyme widely present in living organisms. It is formed by the connection of adenosine ribonucleotide and nicotinamide ribonucleotide through a phosphate group. As a core coenzyme in redox reactions, NAD+ plays an important role in cellular metabolism. It can convert between the oxidized state (NAD+) and the reduced state (NADH), participating in energy metabolism processes such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, helping cells convert food into energy (ATP). In addition, NAD+ serves as a necessary cofactor for various enzymes (such as PARP and Sirtuins), participating in processes related to DNA repair, cell signaling, and anti-aging.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of NAD+?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential Cofactor in Multiple Reactions: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNAD+ is an essential cofactor in multiple redox reactions (Shats I, 2020). In cells, it is involved in many cellular processes such as energy metabolism, genomic stability, and immune response. For example, in energy metabolism, NAD+ acts as an electron carrier in processes such as glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, participating in redox reactions to convert the chemical energy in nutrients such as glucose into an energy form that cells can utilize.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteraction with Multiple Enzymes: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNAD+ also interacts with multiple enzymes, such as the DNA repair enzyme poly-(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP), the protein deacylase SIRTUINS, and the cyclic ADP ribose enzyme CD38. These enzymes regulate cellular processes, such as DNA repair, gene expression, and cell cycle regulation, by consuming NAD+.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of NAD+?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAs a Coenzyme in Redox Reactions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaintaining Cellular Redox Homeostasis: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\"NAD\" usually refers to the chemical backbone of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, while \"NAD+\" and \"NADH\" refer to its oxidized and reduced forms, respectively. NAD+ plays a key role in controlling many biochemical processes, and the NAD+\/NADH ratio is crucial for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. The intracellular redox balance is essential for normal cellular functions, including energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, etc. NAD+ acts as an electron acceptor or donor in redox reactions, participating in the intracellular energy production process, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulating Energy Metabolism: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNAD+ is involved in multiple key energy metabolism processes. For example, in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, NAD+ accepts hydrogen atoms and is converted into NADH. NADH then transfers electrons to oxygen through the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane to produce ATP. The regulation of this energy metabolism is essential for the survival and function of cells, especially in tissues with high energy demands such as the heart and brain \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipating in Enzymatic Reactions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Role with Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1): \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNAD+ acts as a sensing or consuming enzyme for PARP1 and is involved in multiple key processes. PARP1 plays an important role in DNA damage repair. When cells suffer DNA damage, PARP1 is activated and uses NAD+ to synthesize poly ADP-ribose (PAR) chains, which are then attached to proteins, thus promoting the DNA repair process. However, excessive activation of PARP1 will consume a large amount of NAD+, leading to a decrease in intracellular NAD+ levels, which in turn affects the energy metabolism and viability of cells \u003csup\u003e[1, 2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Role with Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) Synthases: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCyclic ADP-ribose synthases such as CD38 and CD157 are also NAD+ consuming enzymes. These enzymes use NAD+ to synthesize cADPR. cADPR acts as a second messenger to participate in calcium signaling, regulating the intracellular calcium ion concentration, and thus affecting various cellular functions, such as muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Role with Sirtuin Protein Deacetylases: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSirtuin protein deacetylases (SIRTs) also rely on NAD+ to function. SIRTs regulate gene expression, cellular metabolism, and stress responses by catalyzing the deacetylation of proteins. At high NAD+ levels, the activity of SIRTs is enhanced, promoting the health and survival of cells. For example, under conditions such as calorie restriction, the intracellular NAD+ level increases, activating SIRTs, thereby extending lifespan and improving metabolic health\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Role in Axonal Degeneration\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Interaction between NMNAT2 and SARM1: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDuring the process of axonal degeneration, the NAD+ synthase NMNAT2 and the pro-degeneration factor SARM1 play crucial roles. NMNAT2 is an axonal survival factor, while SARM1 has NADase and related activities and is a pro-degeneration factor. The interaction between the two is essential for maintaining axonal integrity. In many cases, axonal degeneration is caused by a central signaling pathway, which is mainly regulated by these two key proteins with opposite effects. For example, in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, axons degenerate before the death of neuronal cell bodies, and this axonal degeneration is also common in axonal lesions such as hereditary spastic paraplegia. In these diseases, the activation of this signaling pathway may lead to axonal pathological changes \u003csup\u003e[3, 4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe NAD+-Mediated Self-Inhibition Mechanism of SARM1: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStudies have found that NAD+ is an unexpected ligand for the armadillo\/heat repeat motifs (ARM) domain of SARM1. The binding of NAD+ to the ARM domain inhibits the NADase activity of the Toll\/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of SARM1 through the domain interface. Disrupting the NAD+ binding site or the ARM-TIR interaction will lead to the constitutive activation of SARM1, resulting in axonal degeneration. This indicates that NAD+ mediates the self-inhibition of this pro-neurodegenerative protein\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Role in Cardiovascular Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtecting Cardiovascular Health: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNAD+ has a protective effect in cardiovascular diseases. For example, NAD+ can protect the heart from diseases such as metabolic syndrome, heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion injury, arrhythmia, and hypertension. Its protective mechanism may involve multiple aspects such as regulating energy metabolism, maintaining redox balance, and inhibiting the inflammatory response. With aging or under stress, the intracellular NAD+ level decreases, leading to changes in the metabolic state and increasing the susceptibility to diseases. Therefore, maintaining the NAD+ level in the heart or reducing its loss is crucial for cardiovascular health\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Role in Tuberculosis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Impact on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb): \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogen of tuberculosis, the terminal enzyme of NAD synthesis, NAD synthetase (NadE), and the terminal enzyme of NADP biosynthesis, NAD kinase (PpnK), have different metabolic and microbiological effects. The inactivation of NadE leads to a parallel decrease in the NAD and NADP pools and a decline in the viability of Mtb, while the inactivation of PpnK selectively depletes the NADP pool but only stops growth. The inactivation of each enzyme is accompanied by metabolic changes specific to the affected enzyme and the related microbiological phenotype. Bacteriostatic levels of NAD depletion can cause a compensatory remodeling of NAD-dependent metabolic pathways without affecting the NADH\/NAD ratio, while bactericidal levels of NAD depletion can disrupt the NADH\/NAD ratio and inhibit oxygen respiration. These findings reveal previously unrecognized physiological specificities related to the necessity of two evolutionarily ubiquitous cofactors, suggesting that NAD biosynthesis inhibitors should be prioritized in the development of anti-tuberculosis drugs\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Role in Aging and Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDecrease in Cellular NAD Levels Related to Aging: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWith aging, the intracellular NAD+ level gradually decreases. This decrease in NAD+ level is related to the change in the metabolic state of aging cells and may increase the susceptibility to diseases. Many pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and aging, are related to the direct or indirect impairment of intracellular NAD+ levels\u003csup\u003e[2, 7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Relationship between NAD+ Biosynthesis and Consuming Enzymes and Diseases: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNAD+ biosynthesis and consuming enzymes are involved in several key biological pathways, affecting gene transcription, cell signaling, and cell cycle regulation. Therefore, many diseases are related to the abnormal functions of these enzymes. For example, in neurodegenerative diseases, NAD+-dependent mechanisms involve proteins such as WLDs, NMNAT2, and SARM1, indicating that neurodegenerative diseases are inherently related to NAD+ and energy metabolism \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/ab64\/9952603\/63339b2b1962\/antioxidants-12-00376-g001.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/ab64\/9952603\/63339b2b1962\/antioxidants-12-00376-g001.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the application fields of NAD+?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApplications in Cardiovascular Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtective Effect: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNAD+ plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases, and it can protect the heart from a variety of diseases. For example, NAD+ can protect the heart from diseases such as metabolic syndrome, heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion injury, arrhythmia, and hypertension\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This is because NAD+ acts as a sensing or consuming enzyme for enzymes such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) synthases (CD38 and CD157), and sirtuin protein deacetylases (Sirtuins, SIRTs), and is involved in several key processes in cardiovascular diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaintaining Redox Balance: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe NAD+\/NADH ratio is crucial for maintaining the redox homeostasis of cells and regulating energy metabolism \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Therefore, maintaining the NAD+ level in the heart or reducing its loss is crucial for cardiovascular health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApplications in Anti-aging\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtending Lifespan: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe causes of molecular aging and longevity interventions have witnessed a surge in the past decade. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its precursors, such as nicotinamide riboside, nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinamide, and nicotinic acid, have attracted interest as potentially interesting molecules in the application of small molecules as potential geroprotectors and\/or pharmacogenomics. These compounds have shown that they can improve aging-related conditions after supplementation and may prevent the death of model organisms\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluencing Lifespan Regulation: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn model organisms such as yeast, studies have shown that NAD precursors play an important role in aging and longevity. Through the study of the chronological lifespan (CLS) and replicative lifespan (RLS) of yeast, we can better understand the mechanism of NAD metabolism and its regulatory role in aging and longevity\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePotential Applications in the Treatment of Tuberculosis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrug Target: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe inactivation of the terminal enzyme of NAD synthesis, NAD synthetase (NadE), in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) leads to a parallel decrease in the NAD and NADP pools and a decline in the viability of Mtb, while the inactivation of the terminal enzyme of NADP biosynthesis, NAD kinase (PpnK), selectively depletes the NADP pool but only stops growth (Sharma R, 2023). This indicates that NAD synthesis inhibitors have priority in the development of anti-tuberculosis drugs, because NAD deficiency is bactericidal, while NADP deficiency is bacteriostatic.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMetabolic Changes and Microbial Phenotypes: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe inactivation of each enzyme is accompanied by metabolic changes specific to the affected enzyme and the related microbial phenotype. Bacteriostatic levels of NAD depletion cause a compensatory remodeling of NAD-dependent metabolic pathways without affecting the NADH\/NAD ratio, while bactericidal levels of NAD depletion lead to the disruption of the NADH\/NAD ratio and the inhibition of oxygen respiration \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Role in Cellular Metabolism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultiple Important Functions: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNAD(H) and NADP(H) have traditionally been regarded as cofactors involved in countless redox reactions, including electron transfer in mitochondria. However, NAD pathway metabolites have many other important functions, including roles in signaling pathways, post-translational modifications, epigenetic changes, and regulating RNA stability and function through NAD capping of RNA\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDynamic Metabolic Process: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNon-oxidative reactions ultimately lead to the net catabolism of these nucleotides, indicating that NAD metabolism is an extremely dynamic process. In fact, recent studies clearly show that in some tissues, the half-life of NAD is about a few minutes\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Role in Cell Biology\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtracellular NAD Metabolism: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eExtracellular NAD is a key signaling molecule under different physiological and pathological conditions. It acts directly by activating specific purinergic receptors or indirectly as a substrate for exonucleases (such as CD73, nucleotide pyrophosphatase\/phosphodiesterase 1, CD38 and its paralog CD157, and ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferases). These enzymes determine the availability of extracellular NAD by hydrolyzing NAD, thus regulating its direct signaling effect (Gasparrini M, 2021). In addition, they can generate smaller signaling molecules from NAD, such as the immunomodulator adenosine, or use NAD to ADP-ribosylate various extracellular proteins and membrane receptors, having a significant impact on immune control, inflammatory response, tumorigenesis, and other diseases. The extracellular environment also contains nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, which catalyze key reactions in the NAD salvage pathway intracellularly. The extracellular forms of these enzymes act as cytokines with pro-inflammatory functions\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, NAD+ has become a key molecule connecting health and disease by regulating energy metabolism, delaying aging, regulating immunity, and providing protection for multiple systems. Supplementing its precursors can improve mitochondrial function and slow down the progression of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. It shows potential in the fields of cardiovascular protection, anti-infection, and anti-aging, providing innovative therapeutic targets for aging-related diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Lin Q, Zuo W, Liu Y, et al. NAD and cardiovascular diseases[J]. Clinica Chimica Acta, 2021,515:104-110.DOI:10.1016\/j.cca.2021.01.012.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Shats I, Li X. Bacteria boost host NAD metabolism[J]. Aging-Us, 2020,12(23):23425-23426.DOI:10.18632\/aging.104219.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Hopkins E L, Gu W, Kobe B, et al. A Novel NAD Signaling Mechanism in Axon Degeneration and its Relationship to Innate Immunity[J]. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 2021,8.DOI:10.3389\/fmolb.2021.703532.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Cao Y, Wang Y, Yang J. NAD+-dependent mechanism of pathological axon degeneration.[J]. Cell Insight, 2022,1(2):100019.DOI:10.1016\/j.cellin.2022.100019.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Jiang Y F, Liu T T, Lee C, et al. The NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e-mediated self-inhibition mechanism of pro-neurodegenerative SARM1[J]. Nature, 2020,588(7839):658.DOI:10.1038\/s41586-020-2862-z.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Sharma R, Hartman T E, Beites T, et al. Metabolically distinct roles of NAD synthetase and NAD kinase define the essentiality of NAD and NADP in Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. Mbio, 2023,14(4).DOI:10.1128\/mbio.00340-23.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Campagna R, Vignini A. NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e Homeostasis and NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e-Consuming Enzymes: Implications for Vascular Health[J]. Antioxidants, 2023,12(2).DOI:10.3390\/antiox12020376.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Odoh C K, Guo X, Arnone J T, et al. The role of NAD and NAD precursors on longevity and lifespan modulation in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J]. Biogerontology, 2022,23(2):169-199.DOI:10.1007\/s10522-022-09958-x.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[9] Chini C C S, Zeidler J D, Kashyap S, et al. Evolving concepts in NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e metabolism[J]. Cell Metabolism, 2021,33(6):1076-1087.DOI:10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.04.003.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[10] Gasparrini M, Sorci L, Raffaelli N. Enzymology of extracellular NAD metabolism[J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2021,78(7):3317-3331.DOI:10.1007\/s00018-020-03742-1.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"1000MG","offer_id":46003128565950,"sku":null,"price":85.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/NAD.jpg?v=1781295475"},{"product_id":"bpc157-tb500","title":"KLOW Blend","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV + GHK-Cu Blend Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap break-words\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis is a blend (80mg) each of BPC-157 (10mg) + TB-500 (10mg) + KPV (10mg) + GHK-Cu (50mg).\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap break-words\"\u003eKlow is a blend comprising TB4, BPC-157, KPV, and GHK-CU. TB4(TB-500) modulates actin dynamics to promote cell migration, angiogenesis, and collagen synthesis, supporting connective tissue regeneration; BPC-157 upregulates relevant factor expression, enhances angiogenesis and fibroblast activity, repairs multiple tissues, and provides cellular protection; KPV suppresses pro-inflammatory factors, reduces inflammation, and promotes mucosal repair; GHK-Cu stimulates collagen production, regulates inflammation and antioxidant activity, and supports tissue repair. The four peptides complement each other: TB500 and BPC-157 provide migration-angiogenesis-matrix templating, KPV blocks inflammatory negative feedback, while GHK-Cu stabilizes collagen cross-linking and scavenges free radicals. This forms an “anti-inflammatory-migration-regeneration-remodeling” closed loop, enabling Klow to significantly accelerate repair, reduce scarring, and restore function in soft tissue injuries, postoperative healing, skin aging, and mucosal ulcers..\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecification\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLys–Pro–Val\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGly-His-Lys\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC₁₆H₃₀N₄O₄\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC\u003csub\u003e28\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e46\u003c\/sub\u003eCuN\u003csub\u003e12\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"akGp8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e342.43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e744.3 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e125672\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e9831891\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e67727-97-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e130120-56-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eACTH(11-13), alpha-MSH(11-13)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThymosin-β4 fragment 17-23, TB-500 acetate, Ac-LKKTETQ\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecification\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKPV\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(28, 27, 27); font-family: Prompt, sans-serif; font-size: 9.6px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.4px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;\"\u003eLys–Pro–Val\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eAc-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln (Ac-LKKTETQ)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC₆₂H₉₈N₁₆O₂₂\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC₃₈H₆₈N₁₂O₁₄\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1419.5 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e889.0 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e9941957\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e62707662\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e137525-51-0\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e885340-08-9\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePL-14736, Body-Protection Compound-157, Bepecin\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBisprezatide copper；DL1TR6W6VM\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_0\" class=\"prod_describe_new3 prod_new_active3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_1\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3 prod_new_active3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_0\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eWhat is TB4(TB-500)?\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB4 is a synthetic peptide composed of 43 amino acids. Its sequence exhibits high homology with the active fragment of thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a multifunctional peptide naturally present in the human body that extensively participates in physiological processes such as cellular repair and inflammation regulation. The core mechanism of TB4 involves binding to actin on the cell surface to regulate cytoskeletal reorganization, thereby significantly promoting cell migration and tissue regeneration. In muscle, tendon, or ligament injury models, TB4 accelerates the aggregation of fibroblasts at the injury site, promotes the orderly arrangement of collagen fibers, shortens the healing cycle, and reduces the likelihood of scar tissue formation. TB4 induces angiogenesis by stimulating cytokine expression (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), improving blood perfusion in injured areas to deliver ample oxygen and nutrients for tissue repair. It inhibits pro-inflammatory factor release (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) and modulates macrophage polarization, thereby reducing post-injury inflammatory responses at the immunoregulatory level and preventing tissue damage from excessive inflammation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eWhat is BPC-157?\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBPC-157 is a synthetic peptide composed of 15 amino acids. Its sequence originates from the Body Protection Compound (BPC) fragment within human gastric mucosal proteins, serving as an artificial analog of endogenous gastrointestinal protective peptides. The core biological characteristic of this peptide lies in its potent tissue repair regulatory capacity. It promotes proliferation and migration of repair-related cells like fibroblasts and endothelial cells by activating tyrosine kinase receptors (e.g., c-Met), while accelerating synthesis and remodeling of extracellular matrix components (e.g., collagen, fibronectin). This effect has been validated in models of gastrointestinal ulcers, tendon ruptures, and bone defects. In gastric mucosal injury models, BPC 157 significantly shortens ulcer healing time and improves mucosal regeneration quality.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBPC 157 exerts a key role by modulating the inflammatory microenvironment. It suppresses neutrophil infiltration and the overexpression of pro-inflammatory factors (such as IL-1β and NF-κB), while simultaneously upregulating the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors (such as IL-10). This mitigates the acute inflammatory response following injury and prevents secondary tissue damage caused by uncontrolled inflammation. Its vasoprotective effects are particularly pronounced. By stimulating the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin, it promotes the formation of a new vascular network in damaged areas, improves local blood perfusion, and provides adequate nutrient and oxygen supply for tissue repair.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is KPV?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKPV, a tripeptide composed of lysine-proline-valine, originates from the C-terminal region of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and is a naturally occurring fragment with significant biological activity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn inflammation regulation, KPV exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity. It effectively suppresses the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, reducing the transcription and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, TNF-α, etc.), thereby curbing inflammatory cascades at their source. In animal models of colitis, oral administration of KPV significantly reduces intestinal inflammation levels and alleviates mucosal damage. This effect stems from its precise regulation of inflammatory signaling in intestinal immune cells and epithelial cells. KPV further mitigates local inflammatory responses by stabilizing mast cells and reducing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, thereby maintaining tissue homeostasis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the immunoregulatory level, KPV demonstrates bidirectional modulation capabilities. It enhances T-cell differentiation and function, promotes the secretion of immunoregulatory factors like IL-2 and IFN-γ, and boosts cellular immune responses. In autoimmune disease models, KPV regulates Th1\/Th2 cell balance, reduces excessive autoimmune reactions, and prevents immune damage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKPV also holds potential value in cellular proliferation and tissue repair. By activating relevant intracellular signaling pathways, it promotes fibroblast proliferation and migration, accelerates the synthesis of extracellular matrix components like collagen, and facilitates wound healing in tissues such as skin and muscle. In skin repair experiments, KPV-treated wounds exhibited significantly accelerated healing rates and reduced scar formation, demonstrating its positive impact on tissue repair quality. KPV may also stimulate the expression of angiogenesis-related factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promoting neovascularization and improving blood supply to injured sites, thereby providing essential conditions for tissue regeneration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-wrap-mode: wrap; font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is GHK-Cu?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGHK-Cu is a complex formed by glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine tripeptide and copper ions. Leveraging the synergistic action of copper ions and the tripeptide, it performs multiple critical functions in physiological activities. In skin repair and regeneration, it acts as a signaling peptide to induce fibroblasts to synthesize collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, enhancing skin firmness and elasticity while improving skin issues caused by aging or photoaging. During wound healing, it stimulates stratum corneum cell growth to accelerate closure while regulating inflammation by suppressing excessive IL-6 and TNF-α expression. It also promotes macrophage aggregation to release growth factors, aiding tissue repair and remodeling. Its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties regulate intracellular copper levels, enhance antioxidant capacity, and delay cellular aging. In pulmonary inflammation models, it mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury and improves tissue inflammatory states. GHK-Cu benefits hair health by stimulating hair follicle cell activity, promoting melanin production, regulating energy metabolism, and aiding in hair loss improvement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a blend of TB 500, BPC-157, KPV, and GHK-Cu, Klow's synergistic effects manifest through the overlapping and complementary regulation of multidimensional physiological functions. TB 500 promotes cell migration and angiogenesis, BPC-157 enhances tissue repair and inflammatory regulation, KPV focuses on immune balance and local anti-inflammation, while GHK-Cu functions in antioxidant defense, skin regeneration, and microenvironment optimization. Together, they form a closed-loop system of “repair-anti-inflammation-immune modulation-microenvironment enhancement.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnder this synergy, TB 500 and BPC-157 accelerate cell proliferation and matrix synthesis, while KPV mitigates excessive inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, creating a stable environment for repair. GHK-Cu's antioxidant properties reduce free radical damage to newly formed tissues, and its vasoprotective effects synergize with TB 500's angiogenesis function to enhance local blood supply. KPV's bidirectional immune modulation balances the immune activation triggered by BPC-157 and GHK-Cu, preventing immune dysregulation. This synergy not only shortens tissue repair cycles but also improves repair quality and reduces scar formation risk, offering comprehensive regulatory advantages in scenarios such as wound healing, chronic inflammation, and skin aging.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"80MG","offer_id":46003536560318,"sku":null,"price":90.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/KLOW.jpg?v=1781294115"},{"product_id":"ara-290","title":"ARA-290","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eARA-290 Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eARA-290 is a non-erythropoietic peptide derived from erythropoietin, designed to retain the tissue-protective and anti-inflammatory properties of erythropoietin without its hematopoietic effects. This makes ARA-290 a promising candidate for research in various medical conditions where inflammation and tissue damage are prevalent.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the key areas of interest is its potential in treating neuropathic pain and metabolic disorders. In patients with type 2 diabetes, ARA-290 has shown promise in improving metabolic control and alleviating neuropathic symptoms, suggesting a role in both metabolic and nerve \u003cspan class=\"whitespace-nowrap\"\u003ehealth.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003epGlu-Glu-Gln-Leu-Glu-Arg-Ala-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ser\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC51H84N16O21\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e1257.3 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e1208243-50-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e91810664\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCibinetide, 1208243-50-8, ARA290, PHBSP, ARA 290\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eARA-290\u003c\/strong\u003e Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of ARA-290?  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe development of ARA-290 originated from exploring the therapeutic potential of erythropoietin (EPO). Scientists found that EPO not only promotes erythropoiesis but also has tissue-protective functions such as anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. However, EPO’s hematopoietic stimulation may increase blood viscosity and other risks, limiting its use in treating non-anemic diseases. To retain EPO’s tissue-protective effects while avoiding its hematopoietic side effects, researchers began designing derivative peptides, leading to the creation of ARA-290.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith deeper research, the unique advantages of ARA-290 as a non-hematopoietic peptide were gradually recognized. It activates anti-inflammatory and tissue repair signaling pathways by binding to the innate repair receptor (IRR), demonstrating promising effects in treating diabetic complications, neuropathies, and renal injuries. These findings laid the foundation for further research and clinical applications of ARA-290 and promoted the development of novel therapeutic strategies based on EPO-derived peptides.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of ARA-290?  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-Inflammatory Effect: ARA-290 inhibits the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing inflammatory responses, as demonstrated in multiple disease models. For example, in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), it reduces serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α, improving SLE symptoms{#Dahan, A,2016} (Dahan A, 2016). In a cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity model, it decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL6, and IL1β, alleviating renal inflammation \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e(Ghassemi-Barghi N, 2023). Its anti-inflammatory mechanism may involve targeting the innate repair receptor (IRR), a heterodimer of the erythropoietin receptor and β-common (CD131) receptor. Binding to IRR activates downstream anti-inflammatory signaling pathways, thereby downregulating inflammation\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-Apoptotic Effect: ARA-290 inhibits cell apoptosis and promotes tissue cell survival. In a diabetic rat model, it suppresses renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and reduces the expression of key proteases in the apoptotic process, thereby exerting renal protective effects. In cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity models, it regulates the expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax and Bcl-2, inhibits Caspase-3 activity, reduces cell apoptosis, and mitigates cisplatin-induced renal cell damage\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-Oxidative Effect: ARA-290 inhibits oxidative stress damage and reduces the production of harmful substances such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). In a diabetic rat kidney model, it suppresses renal gene expression, reduces renal ROS levels, and decreases malondialdehyde (MDA) expression, alleviating oxidative stress-induced renal damage. In atherosclerosis studies, in vitro experiments show that ARA-290 inhibits ROS production in macrophages under inflammatory conditions, reducing oxidative stress damage to cells.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Immune Cell Function: ARA-290 regulates the function of immune cells such as macrophages. In vitro, it inhibits inflammatory activation of macrophages while promoting their phagocytic function toward apoptotic cells, helping maintain immune system homeostasis and clear apoptotic cells to avoid inflammation caused by their accumulation (Dahan A, 2016). In atherosclerosis research, ARA-290 inhibits macrophage migration and foam cell formation, reducing lipid deposition in the vascular intima and slowing atherosclerosis progression.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeuroprotective Mechanism: In a mouse model of cerebral ischemia, ARA-290 exerts neuroprotective effects through the β-common receptor (βCR). It significantly reduces neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine levels in brain tissue, improving neurological function. Injection of βCR-targeted siRNA significantly inhibits ARA-290’s neuroprotective effects, indicating that βCR plays a key role in its mechanism\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalgesic Mechanism: ARA-290 may exert analgesic effects by directly targeting peripheral nociceptors. Studies show it specifically inhibits TRPV1 channel activity and alleviates capsaicin-induced mechanical allodynia, suggesting ARA-290 may serve as a novel TRPV1 channel antagonist, providing new insights for pain treatment \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of ARA-290? \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment of Neuropathies\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePain Relief and Symptom Improvement: ARA-290 effectively relieves neuropathic pain, particularly in diseases with neuropathy such as diabetes and sarcoidosis. In clinical trials for sarcoidosis patients, ARA-290 significantly improved neuropathy and autonomic nerve symptoms, enhanced quality of life, and reduced pain scores, with similar effects in diabetic neuropathy patients. Its mechanism involves binding to the innate repair receptor (IRR), activating anti-inflammatory and tissue repair pathways, regulating neurogenic inflammation, and alleviating pain \u003csup\u003e[1, 4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePromotion of Nerve Fiber Regeneration: ARA-290 promotes nerve fiber regeneration. In sarcoidosis patients, 28 consecutive days of ARA-290 treatment induced corneal small nerve fiber regeneration, demonstrating repair capacity for specific nerve fibers and potential to improve neurological function, although it had no effect on epidermal nerve fibers \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReduction of Nephrotoxicity  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDecreased Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity: In cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity models, ARA-290 significantly reduces cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, such as decreasing DNA damage parameters in comet assays and micronucleus frequency, protecting cellular genetic material and mitigating renal cell damage\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: ARA-290 improves cisplatin-induced oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity. It also alleviates renal inflammation by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), protecting against cisplatin-induced renal injury\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInhibition of Apoptosis: ARA-290 inhibits cisplatin-induced apoptosis by regulating apoptosis-related genes and proteins (e.g., decreasing Caspase-3 and Bax expression, increasing Bcl-2 expression), maintaining renal cell survival and holding potential for treating acute kidney injury patients \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImprovement of Depressive Symptoms  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlleviation of Depression-Like Behavior: In mouse models of chronic unpredictable mild stress and chronic social defeat stress, daily ARA-290 administration improved depression-like behavior, comparable to the common antidepressant fluoxetine. ARA-290 exerted antidepressant effects without significantly affecting peripheral hemoglobin or red blood cells \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Immune Cells and Inflammation: ARA-290 reverses chronic stress-induced increases in the frequency and number of CD11b⁺Ly6Ghi neutrophils and CD11b⁺Ly6Chi monocytes in bone marrow and meninges, as well as microglial activation, alleviating depressive symptoms through anti-inflammatory effects and providing new treatment pathways for depression \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtection Against Diabetic Kidney Damage  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInhibition of Renal Tubular Epithelial Apoptosis: ARA-290 inhibits renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, reducing programmed cell death and protecting renal cells.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImprovement of Renal Function Markers: ARA-290 decreases urinary albumin excretion rate in diabetic rats, alleviates renal pathological damage, improves renal function, and delays diabetic nephropathy progression.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInhibition of Autoantibody Production and Immune Complex Deposition: ARA-290 significantly inhibits serum antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels in induced SLE mice, reduces IgG and C3 deposition in kidneys, alleviates nephritis symptoms, and improves disease progression \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/042e\/6010693\/b71f6340ecd9\/JCMM-22-3330-g002.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/042e\/6010693\/b71f6340ecd9\/JCMM-22-3330-g002.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 1 ARA290 treatment suppressed inflammatory response in pristane‐induced SLE mice. (A) The levels of IL‐6, IL‐10, MCP‐1, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐12p70 and TGF‐β in the serum following treatment described in Figure 1 were detected (n = 6). (B) The inflammatory macrophage F4\/80 infiltration was significantly suppressed by ARA 290 intervention compared to PBS control. (C) The spleen and lymph node weights were measured following ARA290 treating in SLE mice (n = 6). Scale bars represent 30 μm.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eS\u003c\/em\u003eource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReduction of Inflammatory Cytokine Levels: ARA-290 decreases serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α in SLE mice, reducing inflammation and alleviating disease symptoms \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDecreased Apoptosis: ARA-290 reduces the number of apoptotic cells in kidneys, protects renal cells, and inhibits inflammatory activation of macrophages while promoting their phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in vitro, regulating the immune system and holding potential for SLE treatment \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMitigation of Chemotherapeutic Drug Toxicity  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReduction of DNA Damage: In doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cytotoxicity models, ARA-290 significantly reduces DOX-induced DNA damage, such as decreasing tail DNA percentage in comet assays and micronucleus frequency, protecting cellular genetic material and reducing chemotherapeutic damage to normal cells \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlleviation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: ARA-290 mitigates DOX-induced impairment of antioxidant enzyme activity, reduces inflammation and apoptosis, and protects against DOX-induced oxidative stress and cell damage, potentially including cardiac cells, to alleviate adverse effects in chemotherapy patients \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSlowed Pathological Progression and Improved Cognition: Early administration of ARA-290 in young APP\/PS1 mice (early Alzheimer’s model) slows β-amyloid (Aβ) pathological progression and improves cognitive function, highlighting its significance for early intervention\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Monocyte Function: ARA-290 specifically stimulates the generation of Ly6C⁻ patrolling monocyte subsets, increases their circulating levels, promotes Aβ clearance from cerebral blood vessels, reduces brain Aβ burden, and delays disease progression. However, it is less effective in late-stage models (aged APP\/PS1 mice), underscoring the importance of early intervention \u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePromotion of Diabetic Wound Healing\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccelerated Wound Closure: In streptozotocin-induced diabetic incisional wound rat models, local ARA-290 application significantly accelerates wound closure, shortens reepithelialization time, and improves wound healing efficiency\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e .  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Tissue Repair Markers: ARA-290 increases collagen and protein content in repair tissues, regulates serum insulin, blood glucose, lipid levels, antioxidant status, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, creating a microenvironment conducive to wound healing and providing new strategies for treating diabetic foot ulcers \u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePain Relief  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInhibition of TRPV1 Channel Activity: ARA-290 relieves capsaicin-induced mechanical allodynia by inhibiting transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) channel activity, directly targeting peripheral nociceptors and providing new therapeutic targets and approaches for pain treatment \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eARA-290 is an EPO-derived polypeptide with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidative effects. It can treat pain in diabetes and sarcoidosis, promote nerve fiber regeneration, combat nephrotoxicity, SLE, depression, and alleviate pain by antagonizing TRPV1. With potential in early Alzheimer’s intervention and other fields, it holds broad clinical application prospects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]  Dahan A, Brines M, Niesters M, et al. Targeting the innate repair receptor to treat neuropathy[J]. Pain Reports, 2016,1(1):e566.DOI:10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000566.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]   Ghassemi-Barghi N, Ehsanfar Z, Mohammadrezakhani O, et al. Mechanistic Approach for Protective Effect of ARA290, a Specific Ligand for the  Erythropoietin\/CD131 Heteroreceptor, against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity,  the Involvement of Apoptosis and Inflammation Pathways[J]. Inflammation, 2023,46(1):342-358.DOI:10.1007\/s10753-022-01737-7.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3]   Wang R, Yang Z, Huang Y, et al. Erythropoietin‐derived peptide ARA290 mediates brain tissue protection through the $\\beta$‐common receptor in mice with cerebral ischemic stroke[J]. CNS Neuroscience \\\u0026amp; Therapeutics, 2024,30. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:268414491.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4]   Zhang W, Yu G, Zhang M. ARA 290 relieves pathophysiological pain by targeting TRPV1 channel: Integration  between immune system and nociception[J]. Peptides, 2016,76:73-79.DOI:10.1016\/j.peptides.2016.01.003.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5]   Xu G, Zou T, Deng L, et al. Nonerythropoietic Erythropoietin Mimetic Peptide ARA290 Ameliorates Chronic  Stress-Induced Depression-Like Behavior and Inflammation in Mice[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022,13:896601.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDOI:10.3389\/fphar.2022.896601.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6]   Huang B, Jiang J, Luo B, et al. Non-erythropoietic erythropoietin-derived peptide protects mice from systemic  lupus erythematosus[J]. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2018,22(7):3330-3339.DOI:10.1111\/jcmm.13608.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7]   Shokrzadeh M, Etebari M, Ghassemi-Barghi N. An engineered non-erythropoietic erythropoietin-derived peptide, ARA290,  attenuates doxorubicin induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress[J]. Toxicology in Vitro, 2020,66:104864.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDOI:10.1016\/j.tiv.2020.104864.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[8]   Al-Onaizi M A, Thériault P, Lecordier S, et al. Early monocyte modulation by the non-erythropoietic peptide ARA 290 decelerates  AD-like pathology progression[J]. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 2022,99:363-382.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDOI:10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.07.016.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[9]   Mashreghi M, Bayrami Z, Sichani N, et al. An in vivo investigation on the wound-healing activity of Specific ligand for the innate repair receptor, ARA290, using a diabetic animal model[M]. 2023.DOI:10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2520194\/v1.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46003981189310,"sku":null,"price":40.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/ARA-290.jpg?v=1781293965"},{"product_id":"kpv","title":"Semax","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemax Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSemax is a peptide drug originally developed in Russia and has been studied in conditions such as stroke, cognitive decline, dementia, and inflammation of the optic nerve. Experiments also suggest that it may support immune function and display both antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects. Findings indicate that Semax can raise levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the central nervous system, as well as increase key neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMet-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e37\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e51\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e9\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e813.92 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e80714-61-0\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e9811102\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eACTH (4-7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eSemax Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is Semax?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax is a synthetic peptide compound and belongs to a type of nootropic. Its main component is an analog of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), combined with other amino acids (such as valine and leucine). Semax can improve cognitive functions by regulating neurotransmitters (such as dopamine and norepinephrine) in the central nervous system, including enhancing memory, improving attention, and learning ability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Semax?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevelopment based on ACTH fragments: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax is composed of the ACTH (4 - 7) fragment and the tripeptide Pro - Gly - Pro (PGP). ACTH, namely adrenocorticotropic hormone, is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and plays an important role in regulating the function of the adrenal cortex. Researchers analyzed the structure of ACTH, extracted a specific fragment (4 - 7) from it, and combined it with the tripeptide PGP to synthesize Semax. This synthesis method enables Semax to retain part of the activity of ACTH and also have unique biological characteristics \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExploration of epilepsy treatment: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eEpilepsy is a disorder of brain function characterized by abnormal depolarization of neurons. Seizures are a major symptom of epilepsy, usually caused by brain injury. Although current drugs for treating epilepsy have certain effects, they also have some negative health impacts. In this situation, researchers began to look for new treatment methods. As a neuropeptide, Semax peptide acts directly on the central nervous system and has no hormonal activity, so it will not cause negative health impacts. This provides new possibilities for the treatment of epilepsy \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of ischemic stroke: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIschemic stroke is a serious disease, and due to its high incidence and high disability rate, it has always been a focus of medical research. Semax peptide, due to its neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects, is applied to the treatment of ischemic stroke. Studies have shown that Semax can inhibit the expression of inflammatory genes and activate the expression of neurotransmitter genes, thus exerting neuroprotective effects at the transcriptional and protein levels \u003csup\u003e[3, 4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA new direction for the treatment of depression: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are commonly used drugs for the treatment of depression during pregnancy, but SSRIs can cross the placenta and may affect the maturation of the fetal brain. As a synthetic analog of ACTH (4-10), Semax has obvious nootropic and neuroprotective activities. Research has found that Semax can reduce the behavioral and neurochemical changes in rats caused by early exposure to fluvoxamine, providing a new idea for the treatment of depression\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdvantages of peptide substances: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax is a synthetic peptide substance with a unique mechanism of action. It can act directly on the central nervous system, synthesize some proteins in the brain, and exert antioxidant effects. For example, in a rat model of epilepsy, Semax peptide can reduce the MDA level and synthesize three proteins that are not synthesized in epileptic rats\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs a regulatory peptide, the research history of Semax can be traced back a long time ago. Studies have shown that Semax has application prospects in memory disorders, decreased efficiency of mental work, and post-COVID syndrome, in addition to somatoform and psychosomatic diseases\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/ijms\/ijms-22-06179\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/ijms-22-06179-g002.png\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"aspect-auto object-contain\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/ijms\/ijms-22-06179\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/ijms-22-06179-g002.png 1x, https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/ijms\/ijms-22-06179\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/ijms-22-06179-g002.png 2x\" data-nuxt-img=\"\" alt=\"\" data-v-f1e6d48c=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnalysis of changes in the level of the pJNK and pCREB proteins during ischemia and Semax treatment in the subcortical structures and frontoparietal cortex of rats at 24 h after tMCAO.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow does the mechanism of action of Semax in treating epilepsy specifically affect brain function?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntioxidant effect\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax has antioxidant properties. Epilepsy usually leads to an increase in oxidative stress in the brain, and Semax can reduce the damage to the brain caused by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress will produce excessive reactive oxygen species, such as malondialdehyde (MDA). Studies have shown that Semax can reduce the MDA level in the brains of epileptic rats by up to 40.46%\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. By reducing the MDA level, Semax can alleviate the damage of oxidative stress to neurons, thus protecting brain function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynthesis of brain proteins\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax can synthesize some proteins in the brain. In the study of epileptic rats, after treatment with Semax, three proteins that were not synthesized in epileptic rats were synthesized. The molecular weights of these proteins are 93.54kDa, 66.76kDa, and 59.66kDa\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. They can play important roles in maintaining the normal function of the brain and repairing damaged neurons.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluence on the brain neuron network\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThrough resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (resting-state FMRI) studies, it has been found that Semax has an impact on the brain neuron network. In the study of healthy volunteers, compared with the control group, a larger volume of the rostral (intermediate anterior cortex) sub-component of the default mode network was detected in the Semax group\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This indicates that Semax may improve brain function by regulating the connections and activities of the brain neuron network.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWhen Semax was injected daily into audiogenic seizure-prone rats from the 7th to the 11th day of life, it was found that the audiogenic seizure pattern of the rats changed when they were 1 month old, and both drugs could enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Neurogenesis may be related to the learning, memory, and repair functions of the brain, and Semax may improve brain function by promoting neurogenesis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWhen Semax was injected into five inbred mouse strains of newborns (from the 2nd to the 7th day of life), it significantly reduced the susceptibility to convulsions only in 1-month-old DBA \/ 2J mice\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This also indicates that Semax may affect brain function through some mechanism and reduce the susceptibility to epilepsy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLack of hormonal activity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax is a neuropeptide that acts directly on the central nervous system and has no hormonal activity, so it will not cause negative health effects (Puspita R, 2018). This gives Semax certain advantages in the treatment of epilepsy, avoiding the possible side effects of traditional antiepileptic drugs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the specific mechanism by which Semax regulates immune function?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhancing immune response-related signaling pathways: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax can enhance the antigen presentation signaling pathway. Antigen presentation is a key process for the immune system to recognize and process foreign antigens. By enhancing this signaling pathway, Semax can promote the recognition and response of the immune system to foreign substances such as pathogens\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In addition, Semax can also strengthen the impact of ischemia on the interferon signaling pathway. Interferon plays an important regulatory role in the immune response, including antiviral, antitumor, and regulating the activity of immune cells. The strengthening of the interferon signaling pathway by Semax helps to improve the overall activity of the immune system\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluencing the immunoglobulin synthesis process: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax significantly increases the expression of genes encoding the heavy chains of immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins play a key role in humoral immunity and can specifically bind to antigens, thus eliminating foreign substances such as pathogens. Semax promotes the synthesis of immunoglobulins, which helps to enhance the humoral immune function of the body \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulating the activity of immune cells: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax has a great influence on genes encoding cytokines, stress responses, and ribosomal proteins. Cytokines play an important role in immunomodulation and can regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and activity of immune cells. Semax regulates the activity of immune cells by influencing the expression of these genes, thereby regulating immune function\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Semax?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of epilepsy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluence on neurons: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eEpilepsy is a disorder of brain function characterized by abnormal depolarization of neurons. Semax peptide is a neuropeptide that acts directly on the central nervous system and does not contain hormonal activity, so it will not have a negative impact on health. Semax can reduce the MDA level in the brains of epileptic rats. MDA is an indicator of lipid peroxidation, and high levels of MDA are associated with oxidative stress and cell damage. Semax can reduce the MDA level in the brains of epileptic rats by up to 40.46% \u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynthesis of proteins: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax can also synthesize some proteins in the brains of epileptic rats. Studies have found that Semax can synthesize three proteins that were not originally synthesized in the brains of epileptic rats, and the molecular weights of these proteins are 93.54 kDa, 66.76 kDa, and 59.66 kDa respectively\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of ischemic stroke\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhancing neurotrophin transcription: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax (MET-GLU - amino acid - phenylalanine - proline - glycine - proline) peptide is a synthetic melanocortin derivative used for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Studies have shown that Semax can enhance the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptors and modulate the expression of genes involved in the immune response. Whole-genome RNA sequencing analysis shows that in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model in rats, Semax inhibits the expression of inflammatory genes and activates the expression of neurotransmitter genes\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulating the expression of key proteins: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e24 hours after tMCAO, an upregulation of active CREB was observed in subcortical structures, including the focus of ischemic injury; MMP - 9 and c - fos were downregulated in the adjacent frontoparietal cortex; under the action of Semax, active JNK was also downregulated in these two tissues. The inhibition and recovery of activation in the processes of inflammation and cell death may contribute to the neuroprotective effect of Semax at the transcriptional and protein levels \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelieving acute stress\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReducing pain: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn an acute stress model, Semax has a certain impact on the behavior and pain sensitivity of rats. In the inescapable intermittent foot shock stress and forced cold water swimming stress models, both Semax and the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone can attenuate the stress-induced analgesia (SIA) in the inescapable foot shock stress model, but do not affect the pain threshold in the forced cold water swimming stress model\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo impact on behavioral changes: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBoth Semax and naloxone do not affect the behavior of rats in the above acute stress models\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving memory and attention: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSemax can stimulate the working memory and attention of experimental animals and humans, increase resistance to hypoxia, and improve cerebral blood circulation. Semax significantly improves the memory and attention of healthy people under extreme activity conditions. In addition, Semax has currently been successfully used to treat patients with different diseases of the central nervous system. In most cases, this peptide shows positive effects without producing negative side effects or complications related to administration\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, as a synthetic peptide compound, Semax shows significant curative effects in the fields of epilepsy, ischemic stroke, acute stress, and cognitive impairment through multiple mechanisms such as regulating the expression of neurotrophins (such as BDNF) and their receptors (TrkB), inhibiting the inflammatory response, resisting oxidative stress, and immunomodulation. It can also improve the recovery of nerve function, reduce brain damage, and enhance memory and attention.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Medvedeva E V, Dmitrieva V G, Limborska S A, et al. Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-7), regulates expression of immune response genes during ischemic brain injury in rats[J]. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2017,292(3):635-653.DOI:10.1007\/s00438-017-1297-1.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Puspita R, Pratamastuti D, Safitri A, et al. The Potency of Semax Peptide Therapy toward MDA Level and Protein Profile in Epilepsy Rats (Rattus norvegicus), 2018[C]. https:\/\/api.semaxnticscholar.org\/CorpusID:90160574\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Dergunova L V, Dmitrieva V G, Filippenkov I B, et al. The Peptide Drug ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax) Suppresses mRNA Transcripts Encoding Proinflammatory Mediators Induced by Reversible Ischemia of the Rat Brain[J]. Molecular Biology, 2021,55(3):346-353.DOI:10.1134\/S0026893321010040.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Sudarkina O Y, Filippenkov I B, Stavchansky V V, et al. Brain Protein Expression Profile Confirms the Protective Effect of the ACTH(4-7)PGP Peptide (Semax) in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021,22(12).DOI:10.3390\/ijms22126179.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Glazova N Y, Manchenko D M, Volodina M A, et al. Semax, synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogue, attenuates behavioural and neurochemical alterations following early-life fluvoxamine exposure in white rats[J]. Neuropeptides, 2021,86.DOI:10.1016\/j.npep.2020.102114.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Hadarceva K, Belyaeva E. Semax-application prospect (brief overview message).[J]. Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology, 2021.DOI:https:\/\/api.semaxnticscholar.org\/CorpusID:245468513.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Lebedeva I S, Panikratova Y R, Sokolov O Y, et al. Effects of Semax on the Default Mode Network of the Brain[J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2018,165(5):653-656.DOI:10.1007\/s10517-018-4234-3.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Boyarshinova O S, Perepelkina O V, Markina N V, et al. Audiogenic Epilepsy in Young Mice of Different Strains after Neonatal Semax Treatment[J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2008,146(1):86-88.DOI:10.1007\/s10517-008-0212-5.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[9] Puspita R. Semax for Epilepsy Treatment[M]. 2020.DOI:10.31219\/osf.io\/hcn3g.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[10] Glazova N Y, Manchenko D M, Vilensky D A, et al. Effects of Semax in the Rat Models of Acute Stress[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, 2023,59(1):200-212.DOI:10.1134\/S0022093023010179.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[11] Ashmarin I P, Nezavibatko V N, Myasoedov N F, et al. Nootropic analogue of adrenocorticotropin 4-10-semax (the experience of design and investigation over 15 years)[J]. Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova, 1997,47(2):420-430. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9173745\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"40MG","offer_id":46007437361342,"sku":null,"price":100.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Semax.jpg?v=1781290850"},{"product_id":"cjc-1295-no-dac-ipamorelin-blend","title":"CJC-1295 (No DAC) + Ipamorelin Blend","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCJC-1295 (No DAC) \u0026amp; Ipamorelin Blend Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap break-words\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis is a blend (20mg) each of CJC-1295(No DAC) (10mg) and Ipamorelin (10mg).\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"ipamorelin-cjc1295-overview\"\u003eIpamorelin and CJC-1295 Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis 20mg peptide blend contains CJC-1295 (No DAC) and Ipamorelin, each at 10mg, designed to synergistically enhance natural growth hormone (GH) secretion through complementary mechanisms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCJC-1295 (No DAC) stimulates the body’s growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptors, promoting a natural, rhythmic release of GH. It’s being studied for its ability to support muscle recovery, fat metabolism, and overall regenerative function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIpamorelin is one of the most selective GH secretagogues and acts as a ghrelin receptor agonist. Research shows it may help improve bone density, muscle regeneration, pancreatic insulin secretion, and gastrointestinal motility, all with minimal impact on cortisol or prolactin levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen used together, CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin have demonstrated synergistic potential, offering a more potent and physiologically balanced enhancement of endogenous GH levels. This combination is of interest in studies related to anti-aging, tissue repair, and overall metabolic optimization\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecification\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCJC-1295\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIpamorelin\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTyr-D-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-Phe-Thr-Gln-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Val-Leu-Ala-Gln-Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Gln-Asp-Ile-Leu-Ser-Arg-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eAib-His-\u003csmall\u003eD\u003c\/small\u003e-2-Nal-\u003csmall\u003eD\u003c\/small\u003e-Phe-Lys-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC\u003csub\u003e152\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e252\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e44\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cspan title=\"Carbon\"\u003eC\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e38\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan title=\"Hydrogen\"\u003eH\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e49\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan title=\"Nitrogen\"\u003eN\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e9\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan title=\"Oxygen\"\u003eO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e5\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e3368.7 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"nowrap\"\u003e711.868\u003c\/span\u003e g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e56841945\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e9831659\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e446262-90-4\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e170851-70-4\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMod GRF (1-29), CJC-1295 no DAC \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNNC-26-0161；UNII-Y9M3S784Z6；IPAMORELIN ACETAT\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_0\" class=\"prod_describe_new3 prod_new_active3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eCJC1295 no DAC\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, the core mechanism of action of CJC1295 no DAC lies in its ability to significantly promote the endogenous secretion of growth hormone. By specifically binding to the corresponding receptor, this compound can not only effectively induce the pulsatile release of growth hormone, thus having a positive impact on the growth and repair process of muscle tissue, but also play a two-way regulatory role in the catabolism and anabolism of adipose tissue by regulating the energy metabolism pathway. At the same time, it can maintain and increase bone density by enhancing the activity of osteoblasts and inhibiting the function of osteoclasts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFrom the perspective of basic research and clinical application, these multiple biological effects make CJC1295 no DAC an important tool in the in-depth analysis of the growth hormone secretion mechanism. Especially in the field of diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone-related diseases, for endocrine disorders such as growth hormone deficiency and childhood short stature, its characteristic of promoting hormone secretion provides an experimental basis for exploring new treatment strategies. It is worth noting that for a series of aging-related phenotypes caused by the physiological decline of growth hormone with age, including decreased skeletal muscle mass, increased body fat percentage, and decreased skin elasticity, CJC1295 no DAC shows potential anti-aging biological effects by increasing the level of growth hormone in the circulatory system. This provides a new research direction for the intervention research of aging-related diseases and the application exploration of improving the quality of life of the elderly population.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the fields of exercise physiology and sports science, this compound has a positive effect on the muscle growth, post-exercise recovery, and improvement of athletic performance of athletes through multiple pathways such as accelerating muscle protein synthesis, promoting muscle fiber repair, and enhancing energy metabolism efficiency. Thus, it has become an important focus in the research of strategies for enhancing athletic ability in the field of sports medicine. Overall, with its unique mechanism of action and extensive biological effects, CJC1295 no DAC shows important research value and application potential in multiple fields such as basic medical research, clinical disease treatment, and sports science.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_1\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eIpamorelin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIpamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide compound. As an important member of the growth hormone secretagogue family, its molecular structure design endows it with the ability to precisely regulate the growth hormone secretion axis. This compound binds with high affinity to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), activating the downstream signaling pathway, thus efficiently inducing the pulsatile release of growth hormone (GH) and simultaneously promoting the gene expression and protein synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). This dual mechanism of action not only regulates the energy metabolism process (including promoting amino acid uptake, accelerating protein synthesis, and optimizing fat catabolism), but also plays a positive regulatory role in tissue repair and growth by enhancing the cell proliferation signal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn clinical application research, Ipamorelin has shown multi-system regulatory effects: its effect on improving gastrointestinal motility is manifested as accelerating gastric emptying rate. Especially in the pathological state of postoperative ileus, it can effectively relieve intestinal motility disorders by promoting the peristaltic frequency and contraction intensity of gastrointestinal smooth muscles; in the field of pain management, this compound regulates nociceptive signal transmission through both central and peripheral pathways, showing a significant relieving effect on non-inflammatory visceral pain and somatic pain. Its mechanism of action may involve the activation of the endogenous opioid peptide system and the regulation of ion channel activity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCompared with traditional growth hormone secretagogues, the significant advantage of Ipamorelin lies in its high selectivity for growth hormone release - while effectively stimulating GH secretion, it has no significant effect on the secretion of other pituitary-adrenal axis hormones such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, thus reducing the risk of adverse reactions caused by hormonal disorders. This pharmacological property gives it the potential for precise intervention in the replacement treatment of growth hormone deficiency, and at the same time provides a new drug target for the research on the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal motility disorders and the optimization of pain diagnosis and treatment programs. Currently, based on its unique mechanism of action and safety characteristics, the translational application research of Ipamorelin in the fields of endocrine diseases, digestive system diseases, and pain medicine is continuously deepening, showing broad clinical application prospects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eSummary\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting Muscle Growth and Repair:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe combined use of CJC1295 No DAC and Ipamorelin can significantly increase the synthesis of muscle proteins and accelerate the repair and regeneration of muscle tissue. Its mechanism of action may involve the direct stimulation of muscle cells by growth hormone, as well as the indirect promotion of muscle growth by regulating other growth factors and metabolic pathways. In the field of sports medicine, the combined application of these two peptide substances has important value. For fitness enthusiasts, it can promote muscle recovery after exercise, enhance muscle strength and volume, and improve training effects. Studies have shown that growth hormone can activate muscle stem cells, promoting their proliferation and differentiation into mature muscle cells, thus accelerating the muscle repair process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOptimizing Fat Metabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe combined use of Ipamorelin and CJC1295 No DAC can increase the level of growth hormone, thereby promoting the decomposition and oxidation of fat. Growth hormone can increase the activity of lipolytic enzymes in fat cells, promoting the decomposition of fat into free fatty acids and glycerol to provide energy for the body. At the same time, it can also improve the utilization efficiency of fat, reduce the storage of body fat, and improve body composition. This is of great significance for fat loss and body shaping, especially for those who want to reduce their body fat percentage and improve their body lines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhancing Energy Levels and Athletic Performance:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe increase in growth hormone can increase the basal metabolic rate and enhance the efficiency of energy production and utilization. An increase in the basal metabolic rate means that the body can consume more energy even at rest, which helps to maintain the body's energy balance. This enables users to obtain higher energy levels during daily activities and exercise, extend exercise endurance, and improve athletic performance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving Sleep Quality:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone plays an important role in regulating the sleep cycle and quality. The combined use of Ipamorelin and CJC1295 No DAC can improve the sleep structure and increase the deep sleep time. Deep sleep is crucial for the body's recovery and repair. It can promote the secretion of growth hormone, enhance the function of the immune system, and improve the cognitive ability of the brain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhancing Immune Function:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone supports the normal function of the immune system. It can enhance the activity and function of immune cells, improve the body's immunity, and help resist diseases. By increasing the level of growth hormone, the combined use of Ipamorelin and CJC1295 No DAC can enhance the proliferation and differentiation ability of immune cells, promote the production of antibodies, and improve the body's resistance to pathogens.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Application Fields\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-aging Medicine:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWith the increase of age, the level of growth hormone in the human body gradually decreases, leading to aging phenomena such as muscle loss, fat gain, and skin relaxation. The combined use of Ipamorelin and CJC1295 No DAC can increase the level of growth hormone and has potential anti-aging effects. Researchers are exploring the application of these two peptide substances in delaying aging and improving the quality of life of the elderly. For example, they can be used to prevent and treat aging-related diseases such as senile muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSports Medicine:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the sports field, the combined use of CJC1295 No DAC and Ipamorelin can promote muscle growth and repair, enhance athletic performance, and reduce the occurrence of sports injuries. Fitness enthusiasts can use these two peptide substances as an auxiliary means to improve training effects and accelerate the recovery process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of Endocrine Diseases:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFor endocrine diseases such as growth hormone deficiency and idiopathic short stature, the combined use of Ipamorelin and CJC1295 No DAC provides new ideas and methods for treatment. By regulating the secretion of growth hormone, it helps to improve the symptoms of patients and promote the normal development and growth of the body.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG\/10MG","offer_id":46009925894334,"sku":null,"price":100.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/CJC-1295_NoDAC_IpamorelinBlend.jpg?v=1781294399"},{"product_id":"cjc-1295-no-dac","title":"CJC-1295 (No DAC)","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCJC-1295 (No DAC) Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_wc_description et_pb_wc_description_0_tb_body et_pb_bg_layout_light  et_pb_text_align_left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et_pb_module_inner\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCJC-1295 (no DAC), also known as Modified GRF (1-29), is a shortened synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Originally developed in the 1980s, this peptide has been extensively studied for its potential to enhance natural growth hormone secretion without altering the body’s hormonal rhythm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch suggests that modGRF may support muscle growth and recovery, accelerate wound healing, and enhance bone strength. It has also been associated with increased fat metabolism, improved energy balance, and potential benefits in regulating blood glucose levels. Additionally, CJC-1295 (no DAC) may contribute to immune system support by influencing growth hormone-related pathways.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, modGRF’s profile makes it a promising compound for studying metabolic health, tissue regeneration, and age-related decline.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 158.467px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 39.2px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 39.2px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 39.2px;\"\u003eTyr-D-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-Phe-Thr-Gln-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Val-Leu-Ala-Gln-Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Gln-Asp-Ile-Leu-Ser-Arg-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e152\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e252\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e44\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e3368.7 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e446036-97-1\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e91976842\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eMod GRF (1-29), CJC-1295 no DAC \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eCJC1295 No DAC Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of CJC1295 no DAC?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is used in treatment to enhance the secretion of growth hormone (GH), but it has a major limitation, that is, its short duration of action\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This limits the widespread clinical application of GHRH and prompts researchers to seek more long-acting alternatives. CJC1295 no DAC is a peptide drug based on 30 amino acids. It can stimulate the pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH). This peptide drug is different from traditional peptide drugs. Its uniqueness lies in the presence of a reactive maleimide propionic acid group, which can covalently bind to the free thiols on the surface of plasma proteins. Once bound to plasma proteins, the active time of CJC1295 no DAC in the blood is significantly prolonged. Compared with unbound peptide drugs, those unbound peptide drugs will be rapidly excreted from the body, while the bound CJC1295 no DAC can remain active in the blood for a longer time. This binding mechanism makes CJC1295 no DAC a drug with a special effect.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of CJC1295 no DAC?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStimulating the pituitary gland to release growth hormone: This drug can stimulate the pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH). When CJC1295 no DAC enters the body, it acts on the pituitary gland through a specific mechanism, prompting pituitary cells to increase the secretion of GH. Specifically, it may bind to specific receptors on the surface of pituitary cells, initiating a series of signal transduction pathways, ultimately leading to an increase in the synthesis and release of GH \u003csup\u003e[1, 2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBinding to plasma proteins: CJC1295 no DAC has a unique feature, that is, there is a reactive group in its structure, which can covalently bind to the free thiols on the surface of plasma proteins. This binding significantly prolongs the time that the drug remains active in the blood. Compared with unbound peptide drugs, the bound CJC1295 no DAC has a longer half-life \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Some studies have shown that CJC-1295 incorporates a functional maleimide group at the C-terminus, allowing it to covalently bind to plasma proteins such as serum albumin. Once bound, it can stimulate GH production in humans for more than six days after a single administration (Timms M, 2019, a).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIncreasing the secretion of growth hormone: After a single injection of CJC1295 no DAC, it will lead to a dose-dependent increase in the average plasma GH concentration. This increase can last for 6 days or longer, with an increase range of 2 to 10 times \u003csup\u003e[2-4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In a study, after healthy adults received a subcutaneous injection of CJC-1295, there was a continuous, dose-dependent increase in GH levels. The estimated half-life of CJC-1295 was 5.8 - 8.1 days (Teichman S L, 2006). In GHRH knockout (GHRHKO) mice, similar properties were also shown. Daily administration of CJC1295 can maintain normal body composition and growth\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAffecting the secretion of insulin-like growth factor I: CJC1295 no DAC will also affect the secretion of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). The average plasma IGF-I concentration will increase in a dose-dependent manner, with an increase range of 1.5 to 3 times, and the duration is 9 - 11 days \u003csup\u003e[2-4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. After multiple administrations of the CJC1295 no DAC dose, the average IGF-I level remains higher than the baseline level for up to 28 days (Teichman S L, 2006). In GHRHKO mice, CJC1295 also caused an increase in total pituitary RNA and GH mRNA, indicating the proliferation of growth hormone-secreting cells\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/figures.semanticscholar.org\/4d7b4c0b15bcae655bea87ff62b007595b87483f\/4-Figure3-1.png\" alt=\"\" data-test-id=\"figure-image\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eP\u003cem\u003elasma disappearance curves of CJC-1295 after a single sc injection. Shown are the mean SD half-life.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the differences in the treatment mechanisms of CJC1295 no DAC for patients with growth hormone deficiency of different age groups?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eChild patients: Children are in a critical period of growth and development, and growth hormone plays a crucial role in the growth and development of their bones, muscles, and organs. Growth hormone deficiency can lead to problems such as slow growth, short stature, and delayed bone age in children.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCJC1295 no DAC promotes the growth and development of children by stimulating the pituitary gland to secrete growth hormone. It can increase the secretion amount and duration of growth hormone, and raise the levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor - I (IGF-I) in the serum\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. IGF-I is the main mediator of the action of growth hormone. It can promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis, and has an important role in the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs. CJC1295 no DAC can also promote the increase of bone metabolism indicators such as osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase, which is helpful for the growth and mineralization of bones. In addition, CJC1295 no DAC has no obvious effect on thyroid function and has a high safety level.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdult patients: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAdult patients with growth hormone deficiency may experience problems such as decreased muscle mass, increased fat, decreased physical strength, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis. Compared with child patients, the growth and development of adult patients have been basically completed, and the focus of treatment is on improving metabolic function and quality of life. The treatment mechanism of CJC1295 no DAC in adult patients is mainly to improve muscle strength, reduce fat mass, improve heart function, delay aging, and prevent osteoporosis by increasing the levels of growth hormone and IGF-I. Studies have shown that CJC1295 no DAC can increase the lean body mass of adult patients, reduce subcutaneous fat mass, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, CJC1295 no DAC can also promote the growth and mineralization of bones, increase bone density, and prevent osteoporosis \u003csup\u003e[3, 5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElderly patients:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWith the increase of age, the secretion of growth hormone in the human body gradually decreases, leading to problems such as decreased muscle mass, increased fat, osteoporosis, and decreased immunity. Elderly patients with growth hormone deficiency have a higher disease risk, and the treatment is more difficult. The treatment mechanism of CJC1295 no DAC in elderly patients is similar to that in adult patients, but the dosage needs to be adjusted more carefully and adverse reactions need to be monitored. Due to the decline of the physical functions of elderly patients and the weakened ability to metabolize and excrete drugs, the dosage of the drug needs to be reduced to avoid drug accumulation and the occurrence of adverse reactions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelated research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the effects of CJC1295 no DAC?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting the secretion of growth hormone:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs an analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), CJC1295 no DAC can bind to the GHRH receptors in the anterior pituitary gland and stimulate the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone by growth hormone cells. Growth hormone is crucial for the body's growth and development, metabolism, and tissue repair processes. In some studies, after using CJC1295 no DAC, an increase in the level of growth hormone in the blood can be observed, which helps to promote the growth and repair of tissues such as bones and muscles.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulating metabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone plays a key role in the regulation of metabolism. CJC1295 no DAC indirectly affects the metabolic process by promoting the secretion of growth hormone. It can promote fat breakdown, making fat be used as an energy source, which helps to reduce the storage of fat in the body and improve the body's fat distribution. At the same time, it can also promote protein synthesis, increase the deposition of protein in muscle tissues, which helps to improve muscle quality and strength, and enhance the body's exercise ability and endurance. In addition, CJC1295 no DAC also has a certain impact on glucose metabolism, and may increase insulin sensitivity, which helps to maintain normal blood glucose levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting tissue repair and regeneration: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone plays an important role in the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. CJC1295 no DAC promotes the secretion of growth hormone, which in turn stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation, accelerates wound healing, and promotes the repair of damaged tissues. In some animal experiments and clinical studies, it has been found that it is helpful for fracture healing, muscle injury repair, and skin wound healing, etc., and has potential significance for improving the body's recovery ability and restoring the function of damaged tissues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the application fields of CJC1295 no DAC?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of growth hormone deficiency:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFor patients with growth hormone deficiency, CJC-1295 Without DAC can stimulate the secretion of growth hormone, thus promoting the growth and development of the body. It may provide a new treatment option for those patients who have poor response to traditional growth hormone treatment\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulation of metabolic disorders:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolic process. CJC-1295 Without DAC can improve insulin resistance, regulate fat metabolism, etc. by increasing the secretion of growth hormone, and may have certain therapeutic potential for metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSkin rejuvenation:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone can promote the synthesis of collagen, increase skin elasticity, and reduce wrinkles. CJC-1295 Without DAC may achieve skin rejuvenation by stimulating the secretion of growth hormone\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving physical function:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWith the increase of age, various functions of the body will gradually decline. Growth hormone can increase muscle strength, improve bone density, and enhance immunity, etc. CJC-1295 Without DAC may help to delay the aging process and improve the quality of life of the elderly\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncreasing muscle strength: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone can promote protein synthesis and increase muscle mass. For athletes and fitness enthusiasts, CJC-1295 Without DAC may help to improve muscle strength and endurance\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting exercise recovery:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAfter high-intensity exercise, the body needs time to recover. Growth hormone can accelerate the repair of damaged tissues and reduce the inflammatory response. CJC-1295 Without DAC may help to shorten the recovery time after exercise and improve exercise performance \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-aging:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWith the increasing attention to anti-aging, CJC1295 no DAC is also considered by some people to have the potential of anti-aging. Growth hormone and IGF-I play an important role in maintaining the normal physiological functions of the body and tissue repair. Therefore, this substance may have an impact on the aging process by regulating these factors \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs an analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, CJC1295 no DAC has significant effects. It can stimulate the pituitary gland to release growth hormone, regulate the secretion of insulin-like growth factor I, and thus affect the growth and metabolism of the body. In scientific research, it provides key assistance for exploring the mechanism of action of growth hormone and promotes the progress of relevant theories. In clinical applications, for patients with growth hormone deficiency, it is expected to stimulate the secretion of endogenous growth hormone and improve growth and development and metabolic abnormalities. It also shows the potential to regulate hormone levels and combat aging changes in anti-aging research. Overall, it is of great significance in both scientific research and clinical fields, bringing new opportunities for related research and disease treatment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Teichman S L, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults[J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology \u0026amp; Metabolism, 2006,91(3):799-805.DOI:10.1210\/jc.2005-1536.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Timms M, Ganio K, Steel R. A method for confirming CJC-1295 abuse in equine plasma samples by LC-MS\/MS[J]. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2019,11(8):1248-1257.DOI:10.1002\/dta.2599.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Teichman S L, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults[J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology \u0026amp; Metabolism, 2006,91(3):799-805.DOI:10.1210\/jc.2005-1536.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Timms M, Ganio K, Forbes G, et al. An immuno polymerase chain reaction screen for the detection of CJC-1295 and other growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogs in equine plasma[J]. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2019,11(6):804-812.DOI:10.1002\/dta.2554.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, et al. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse[J]. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006,291(6):E1290-E1294.DOI:10.1152\/ajpendo.00201.2006.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Van Hout M C, Hearne E. Netnography of Female Use of the Synthetic Growth Hormone CJC-1295: Pulses and Potions[J]. Substance Use \u0026amp; Misuse, 2016,51(1):73-84.DOI:10.3109\/10826084.2015.1082595.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46010997506238,"sku":null,"price":50.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/CJC-1295_NoDAC.jpg?v=1781294334"},{"product_id":"kpv-1","title":"KPV","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKPV Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKPV\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (Lys–Pro–Val) is the C-terminal tripeptide fragment of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). As a small, bioactive peptide, KPV reproduces many of α-MSH’s anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and tissue-protective activities while avoiding full-length melanocortin receptor signaling in some contexts. In research settings KPV has been studied for:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli aria-level=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003ePotent anti-inflammatory action\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e — suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines and leukocyte activation.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli aria-level=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAntimicrobial activity\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e — direct candidacidal and bactericidal effects reported for α-MSH C-terminal fragments including KPV.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli aria-level=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMucosal and epithelial protection \/ wound healing\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e — accelerates epithelial repair in corneal and other epithelial models.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli aria-level=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAnti-fibrotic and immunomodulatory effects\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e — reduces fibrosis and shifts macrophage phenotypes in preclinical studies.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli aria-level=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eFavorable safety \u0026amp; non-immunogenic profile\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e in multiple animal models.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eKPV is a useful research tool for studying innate immune regulation, mucosal defense and novel anti-inflammatory peptide therapeutics.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLys–Pro–Val\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC₁₆H₃₀N₄O₄\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"akGp8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e342.43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e67727-97-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e125672\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eACTH(11-13), alpha-MSH(11-13)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"tab-content active\" id=\"tab-description\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eKPV Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of KPV?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eKPV is a tripeptide derived from α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). α-MSH is a polypeptide hormone with multiple biological functions, playing an important role in regulating skin pigmentation, immune regulation, and other aspects. As a part of α-MSH, KPV has been isolated and deeply studied. Although some progress has been made in the medical field in recent years, the treatment options for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are still unsatisfactory, and the surgery rate remains high. Therefore, finding new and effective treatment methods has become an urgent task. IBD includes ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, etc., which are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation and seriously affect the quality of life of patients. Current treatment methods include drug therapy and surgical treatment, but both have certain limitations. In recent years, the anti-inflammatory effects of melanocortin peptides such as α-MSH have been described in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis in mice. This provides a clue for studying the anti-inflammatory potential of KPV. α-MSH has functions such as immune regulation and inflammation alleviation, and the tripeptide KPV derived from it is also considered to possibly have similar anti-inflammatory properties.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of KPV?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of action in ulcerative colitis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving stability and rectal administration convenience:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eKPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is a tripeptide derived from α-MSH (α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone) and has anti-inflammatory effects against colitis. However, the KPV solution is very unstable during rectal administration, affecting its therapeutic effect. In the study, cysteamine-grafted γ-polyglutamic acid (SH-PGA) was synthesized by combining cysteamine with the carboxyl group of γ-PGA. Without using a cross-linking agent, a 4% polymer content SH-PGA hydrogel was formed through the self-cross-linking of sulfhydryl groups. The KPV\/SH-PGA hydrogel showed an elastic modulus (G') higher than the corresponding viscous modulus (G'') at 0.01-10 Hz, exhibiting good mechanical stability and shear thinning behavior, which is beneficial for rectal administration. At the same time, the stability of KPV in the SH-PGA hydrogel was significantly enhanced. Only 30% of KPV was released from the KPV\/SH-PGA hydrogel within 20 minutes, followed by a continuous release behavior\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlleviating colitis symptoms:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThrough experiments on rats with ulcerative colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), the enhanced therapeutic effect of the KPV\/SH-PGA hydrogel on colitis was confirmed. After rectal administration of the KPV\/SH-PGA hydrogel, colitis symptoms including weight loss and disease activity index scores were significantly alleviated. In addition, treatment with the KPV\/SH-PGA hydrogel prevented the shortening of the colon in rats injected with TNBS and reduced the level of colonic myeloperoxidase. After treatment with the KPV\/SH-PGA hydrogel, the morphology of the colon, including the epithelial barrier, crypts, and intact goblet cells, was restored. At the same time, the KPV\/SH-PGA hydrogel reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of action in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDSS colitis model: In the DSS colitis model, treatment with KPV led to earlier recovery and significantly enhanced weight recovery. Histologically, the inflammatory infiltration in KPV-treated mice was significantly reduced, which was confirmed by the significant decrease in the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the colonic tissue after KPV treatment\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCD45RB (hi) transfer colitis model:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSupporting the above findings, KPV treatment of transferred colitis led to disease recovery, weight recovery, and a reduction in inflammatory changes from a histological perspective\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMC1Re\/e mouse model:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn mice expressing a non-functional melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1Re\/e), KPV treatment saved all animals in the treatment group from death during DSS colitis. This indicates that the anti-inflammatory effect of KPV seems to be at least partially independent of MC1R signaling\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of action in bronchial epithelial cell inflammation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eI\u003cstrong\u003enhibiting NF-κB signaling:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells, the melanocortin-related peptide KPV and the agonist α-MSH of airway epithelium (MC3R) inhibited NF-κB signaling by inhibiting the nuclear import of p65RelA and activating epithelial MC3R, respectively. Specifically, the effect of KPV is related to its nuclear import, which can inhibit the nuclear translocation of p65RelA labeled with YFP. At the same time, the binding sites of KPV and Imp-α\/β are on p65RelA, possibly involving blocking importin-α armadillo domains 7 and 8 \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of action in chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and repair effects:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eUsing temperature-sensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA (PPP) as the matrix and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) with inherent antibacterial activity as the adhesion enhancer, an in-situ mucosal adhesive hydrogel (PPP_E) was successfully prepared. The tripeptide KPV was dissolved in the cold PPP_2% E precursor solution as a model drug to prepare the KPV@PPP_2% E hydrogel. The anti-inflammatory activity and the potential to promote cell migration of KPV in the PPP-2% E hydrogel were well maintained. In addition, the KPV@PPP_2% E had a strong antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus. When the KPV@PPP_2% E hydrogel was applied to the gingival mucosa of rats with chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, it could rapidly transform into a hydrogel and adhere to the wound surface for 7 hours, greatly improving the food intake and weight recovery of the rats. At the same time, by promoting the expression of CK10 and PCNA, the KPV@PPP_E hydrogel also well repaired the tissue morphology of the ulcerated gingiva. In addition, the KPV@PPP_2% E hydrogel significantly inhibited inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and TNF-α, and at the same time upregulated IL-10 \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg title=\"2\" alt=\"2\" width=\"700\" height=\"624\" border=\"0\" style=\"width: 700px; height: 624px;\" data-original=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lkBpiKirljSRjlqlnjnlko\/2.png\" data-src=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lkBpiKirljSRjlqlnjnlko\/2.png\" class=\"lazyloaded\" src=\"https:\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lkBpiKirljSRjlqlnjnlko\/2.png\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the clinical application cases of KPV drugs?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of ulcerative colitis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdministration through self-crosslinking hydrogel: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn a study, cysteamine-grafted γ-polyglutamic acid (SH-PGA) was synthesized and made into a hydrogel to stabilize the tripeptide KPV\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. The KPV\/SH-PGA hydrogel showed good therapeutic effects in a rat model of ulcerative colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Specifically, after rectal administration, colitis symptoms such as weight loss and disease activity index scores were significantly alleviated, and it could also prevent the shortening of the colon in rats injected with TNBS and reduce the level of colonic myeloperoxidase. At the same time, the morphology of the colon, including the epithelial barrier, crypts, and intact goblet cells, was restored after treatment with the KPV\/SH-PGA hydrogel, and the hydrogel also reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdministration through dual-network hydrogel:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAnother study constructed a dual-network hydrogel (PMSP) formed by maleated γ-polyglutamic acid and thiolated γ-polyglutamic acid through thiol-maleimide cross-linking and self-oxidation of thiols \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This hydrogel can specifically adhere to the inflamed mucosa rather than the healthy mucosa, and has good mechanical strength and biological adhesion. KPV, as a model drug, is easily captured by PMSP through electrostatic interaction, thus maintaining its biological activity for a longer time under high-temperature conditions. In rats with colitis induced by TNBS, after rectal administration of PMSP-KPV, the alleviating effect of KPV on colitis was significantly improved, and the epithelial barrier of the colon was effectively restored. In addition, PMSP-KPV also regulated the intestinal flora and significantly increased the abundance of beneficial microorganisms in the intestine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAn in-situ mucosal adhesive hydrogel (PPP_E) was prepared using temperature-sensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA (PPP) as the matrix and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as the adhesion enhancer \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. The tripeptide KPV was dissolved in the cold PPP_2% E precursor solution as a model drug to prepare the KPV@PPP_2% E hydrogel. This hydrogel has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and repair effects on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Specifically, it can maintain the anti-inflammatory activity of KPV and the potential to promote cell migration, and has a strong antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus. After administration to the gingival mucosa of rats with chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, the PPP_2% E precursor solution rapidly transformed into a hydrogel and adhered to the wound surface for 7 hours. Treatment with the KPV@PPP_2% E hydrogel greatly improved the food intake and weight recovery of the rats, promoted the expression of CK10 and PCNA, well repaired the tissue morphology of the ulcerated gingiva, and at the same time significantly inhibited inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α, and upregulated the expression of IL-10. This hydrogel also has an antibacterial effect on gingival ulcer wounds infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and significantly inhibits the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the submucosal tissue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of inflammatory bowel disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSome studies have shown that KPV may be a new therapeutic drug for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco2-BBE and HT29-Cl.19A) and human T cells (Jurkat), after stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines, the addition of KPV can inhibit the activation of NF-κB and MAP kinase inflammatory signaling pathways and reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The study found that KPV acts through hPepT1 expressed in immune and intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, in mouse models of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and TNBS, oral administration of KPV can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the incidence of colitis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, as a bioactive substance with great potential, KPV shows unique advantages in the treatment of various diseases. In the field of inflammatory bowel disease, whether in mouse model experiments or in the exploration of different administration methods for ulcerative colitis, KPV can effectively reduce inflammatory infiltration, improve tissue morphology, regulate cytokine expression, and exert significant anti-inflammatory effects through mechanisms such as PepT1 transport. In the treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, the hydrogel containing KPV prepared with a specific matrix and adhesion enhancer can not only maintain its anti-inflammatory and cell migration-promoting activities but also has a powerful antibacterial ability, significantly improving the related symptoms of rats and promoting tissue repair. Although the current clinical application cases of KPV are still limited, the existing research results fully demonstrate its therapeutic value. In the future, if breakthroughs can be achieved in in-depth research on improving drug stability and delivery efficiency, expanding clinical indications, and strengthening clinical monitoring and management, KPV is expected to bring more high-quality and efficient treatment options for more patients and play a more important role in clinical treatment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Sun J, Xue P, Liu J, et al. Self-Cross-Linked Hydrogel of Cysteamine-Grafted γ-Polyglutamic Acid Stabilized Tripeptide KPV for Alleviating TNBS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats[J]. Acs Biomaterials Science \u0026amp; Engineering, 2021,7(10):4859-4869.DOI:10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c00792.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Konnengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2008,14(3):324-331.DOI:10.1002\/ibd.20334.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Land S C. Inhibition of cellular and systemic inflammation cues in human bronchial epithelial cells by melanocortin-related peptides: mechanism of KPV action and a role for MC3R agonists.[J]. International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, 2012,4(2):59-73. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22837805\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Shao W, Chen R, Lin G, et al. In situ mucoadhesive hydrogel capturing tripeptide KPV: the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and repairing effect on chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis[J]. Biomaterials Science, 2021,10(1):227-242.DOI:10.1039\/d1bm01466h.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Zhao Y, Xue P, Lin G, et al. A KPV-binding double-network hydrogel restores gut mucosal barrier in an inflamed colon[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2022,143:233-252.DOI:10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.02.039.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen H T T, et al. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation[J]. Gastroenterology, 2008,134(1):166-178.DOI:10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.10.026.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46012681846974,"sku":null,"price":40.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/KPV.jpg?v=1781294167"},{"product_id":"selank","title":"Selank","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelank Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelank, a synthetic peptide drug, is primarily used to improve anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction. It exhibits anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, effectively alleviating anxiety and reducing depressive symptoms while significantly enhancing cognitive functions, including memory, attention, and learning abilities. Additionally, Selank has immunomodulatory effects, capable of enhancing the body's immune function. It is safe, well-tolerated, easy to use, and fast-acting. Selank is not only significant in the treatment of mental disorders, providing new options for conditions such as anxiety and depression, but also demonstrates potential value in neuroprotection and cognitive improvement, especially suitable for cases where conventional medications are ineffective or have side effects, helping to improve mental state and quality of life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eThr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e33\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e57\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e11\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e751.87 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e129954-34-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e11765600\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSelanc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eSelank Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeuroadaptation and the Endogenous Opioid System: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe endogenous opioid system is involved in the neuroadaptation process caused by exogenous opioids. Selank, an anxiolytic synthesized based on the regulatory peptide tuftsin, can inhibit the activity of enkephalin-degrading enzymes, thus increasing the level of leucine enkephalin in the plasma (Nadorova A V, 2022). This indicates that Selank may exert its effects by regulating the endogenous opioid system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAnxiety and mood disorders are among the most common mental health problems globally. Commonly used clinical anxiolytic drugs mainly focus on the pharmacological regulation of the activity of the brain's GABA receptor system. However, such drugs usually have a series of clinical problems such as dependence and memory impairment (Vyunova T V, 2018). There is an increasing recognition of the role of neuropeptides and bioactive lipids in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. The heptapeptide Selank exhibits long-term anxiolytic and nootropic effects (Vyunova T V, 2018).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Selank?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Selank on anxiety and mood disorders?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulating the GABA Receptor System: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAnxiety and mood disorders are the most common mental health problems globally. Commonly used clinical anxiolytic drugs mainly exert their effects by regulating the activity of the GABA receptor system in the brain, but they often have problems such as dependence and memory impairment. Studies have found that the heptapeptide Selank (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) has a therapeutic effect on anxiety and mood disorders. Radioligand-receptor analysis methods have shown that Selank affects [3H] GABA binding as a positive allosteric modulator. The combined action of Selank with certain benzodiazepines also regulates the [3H] GABA binding activity in a specific way. This effect is not additive and is different from using either substance alone. Selank can block the regulatory activities of diazepam and olanzapine. Its binding site is apparently different from those of these drugs, but may partially overlap\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. It is thus speculated that one of the molecular mechanisms of Selank's anxiolytic effect may be related to the subtype-selective concentration-dependent allosteric regulation of GABA receptors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of Selank in relieving the analgesia induced by morphine?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhibiting Morphine Withdrawal Reaction: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSome studies have shown that the peptide substance Selank can weaken the withdrawal reaction of rats to morphine at a certain dose. For example, in the morphine withdrawal model induced by naloxone, a single intraperitoneal injection of Selank (0.3mg\/kg) can reduce the total index of the morphine withdrawal syndrome by 39.6%, significantly alleviate symptoms such as convulsive reactions, ptosis, and postural disorders, and increase the tactile sensitivity threshold of morphine-dependent rats by 9 times \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This indicates that Selank may indirectly affect the analgesic mechanism of morphine by regulating the nervous system's dependence on morphine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynergistic Analgesic Effect with Morphine: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn animal experiments, researchers found that Selank shows a synergistic analgesic effect when used in combination with morphine. Morphine can cause a certain degree of analgesia at a certain dose, and although Selank itself has no obvious analgesic effect, when used in combination with morphine at a specific dose (0.9mg\/kg), it can increase the latency of mice's response to thermal stimuli, enhancing the analgesic effect to 29.9% of the maximum possible effect (MBE)\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This indicates that Selank may enhance the analgesic effect of morphine through a certain pathway.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActing on the Enkephalin System: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBased on the study of the physiological effects of Selank and its fragments, it is speculated that Selank acts on the network of the cascade process of peptides and mediators through enkephalin. Enkephalin is a type of endogenous opioid peptide and plays an important role in pain regulation. Selank may affect the analgesic effect of morphine by regulating the activity of enkephalin-degrading enzymes and increasing the level of leucine enkephalin in the plasma \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg data-original=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" data-src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" class=\"lazyimg\" src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\"\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/selankstudy_3c3832eb-3465-484a-81a8-7bb23a865cb8.png?v=1769915756\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffects of Selank (0.3 mg\/kg) on the recognition of the novel object in rats subjected to forced alcoholization.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the potential principle of Selank in treating the weakness disorder in post-COVID syndrome?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBased on Immunomodulatory Effects: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eConsidering the dominant role of immune disorders in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, drugs with immunomodulatory effects seem promising in the treatment of post-COVID syndrome. Selank is a peptide drug created based on the immunomodulator tafcin. In the treatment of post-COVID syndrome, Selank may relieve weakness symptoms by regulating the immune system and correcting immune dysfunction. For example, Selank may have a direct activity on immune interactions or act indirectly by reducing the post-stress response, thereby maintaining the normal state of immune function\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiolytic and Improving Mood Disorders: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn post-COVID syndrome, patients often experience mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, accompanied by weakness and decreased performance. Studies have shown that Selank can relieve symptoms of anxiety and depression during the treatment process. Its mechanism of action may be related to Selank's regulation of the neurotransmitter system in the brain. For example, Selank may act as a positive allosteric modulator to affect [3H] GABA binding, thereby regulating the activity of the GABA receptor system and exerting an anxiolytic effect \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeuroprotective Effect: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the study, patients were divided into two groups. One group used a neuroprotective complex (cholitilin, mexidol, milgamma) and Selank, and the other group used only the neuroprotective complex. The results showed that patients using Selank had better effects in terms of weakness and decreased mental performance. This indicates that Selank may act synergistically with the neuroprotective complex to exert a neuroprotective effect, thus improving the weakness symptoms of patients \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntiviral Effect: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStudies have found that Selank has antiviral properties in experimental influenza infections. Although there is currently no direct evidence that Selank has an antiviral effect against the COVID-19 virus, given its performance in influenza virus infections, Selank may have a certain impact on the COVID-19 virus through a certain mechanism, thus helping to treat the weakness disorder in post-COVID syndrome. For example, in in vivo studies, Selank induced the gene expression of interferon-α (IFN-α), which may help enhance the body's antiviral ability\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the effects of Selank?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiolytic and Improving Mood Disorders: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn post-COVID syndrome, patients often experience mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, accompanied by weakness and decreased performance. Studies have shown that Selank can relieve symptoms of anxiety and depression during the treatment process. Its mechanism of action may be related to Selank's regulation of the neurotransmitter system in the brain. For example, Selank may act as a positive allosteric modulator to affect [3H] GABA binding, thereby regulating the activity of the GABA receptor system and exerting an anxiolytic effect \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeuroprotective Effect:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the study, patients were divided into two groups. One group used a neuroprotective complex (cholitilin, mexidol, milgamma) and Selank, and the other group used only the neuroprotective complex. The results showed that patients using Selank had better effects in terms of weakness and decreased mental performance. This indicates that Selank may act synergistically with the neuroprotective complex to exert a neuroprotective effect, thus improving the weakness symptoms of patients \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelieving Analgesia Induced by Morphine: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSome studies have shown that Selank, an anxiolytic synthesized based on the regulatory peptide tuftsin, has an impact on morphine-induced analgesia in animal models. For example, when the morphine dose is 3.0mg\/kg (intraperitoneal injection), it can cause antinociception, with a maximum possible effect (MBE) of 9%. While the Selank dose of 0.9mg\/kg has no antinociceptive effect by itself, when pre-treated with morphine, it can increase the latent reaction time and cause an antinociceptive effect of 29.9% MBE\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlleviating the Aversive Symptoms of Morphine Withdrawal: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe activity of the peptide tuftsin analog Selank was studied in a morphine withdrawal model induced by naloxone. A single intraperitoneal injection of Selank at an anxiolytic dose of 0.3mg\/kg can reduce the total index of the morphine withdrawal syndrome by 39.6%, significantly (p＜0.0001) alleviate convulsive reactions, ptosis, and postural disorders, and increase the tactile sensitivity threshold of morphine-dependent rats by 9 times compared with the positive control group. At the same time, Selank is slightly inferior to diazepam at a dose of 2mg\/kg in terms of pharmacological activity (reducing the total index of the morphine withdrawal syndrome by 49.3% and increasing the sensitivity threshold by 13 times). Therefore, like diazepam, Selank can alleviate the aversive symptoms of morphine withdrawal in opioid dependence in rats \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreventing ethanol-induced memory impairment: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn rats that received 10% ethanol as their sole liquid source for up to 30 weeks, the effects of Selank, a peptide-based anxiolytic drug synthesized from the endogenous peptide tuftsin, on memory impairment and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were investigated. In object recognition tests, Selank exhibited cognitive-enhancing effects in 9-month-old rats not exposed to ethanol and prevented the development of ethanol-induced memory and attention impairments during alcohol withdrawal. In vitro experiments showed that Selank could inhibit ethanol-induced increases in BDNF levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. From the above, it can be concluded that this synaptogenic agent has a positive effect on age-related memory impairments associated with chronic alcohol dependence, and confirms that BDNF-related neurotrophic mechanisms are involved in the mechanism of action of Selank\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePost-COVID-19 syndrome occurs following COVID-19 infection and may also be observed in cases of mild or asymptomatic disease. The most common symptoms of the bridge syndrome are fatigue and functional decline, followed by cognitive impairments. Given the central role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, immunomodulatory drugs with direct immune-modulating effects or those that indirectly maintain immune function by reducing post-stress responses hold potential therapeutic promise.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSelank is a peptide drug developed based on the immunomodulator tafcin, which is effective in treating various neuroses and neurosis-like disorders. When used at a dosage of 2-3 drops four times a day for 30 consecutive days, Selank has a good therapeutic effect on patients with fatigue and cognitive impairment. Relief of anxiety and depression symptoms can also be observed\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCorrecting cognitive and emotional disorders in patients with atopic dermatitis: A study analyzed cognitive and emotional disorders in 65 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and randomly divided the patients into two statistically comparable groups.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe first group of patients received standard drug therapy for atopic dermatitis (BT), while the second group received a combination of serank and BT via intranasal administration (S + BT), administered three times daily, with two drops instilled into each nostril per dose, for a total of 14 days. The control group consisted of 30 healthy individuals. Personal anxiety (LT), reactive anxiety (RT), yohimbine levels, blood β-endorphin levels, and quality of life (QOL) were assessed before treatment and 30 days after treatment initiation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe study results showed that RT levels in AD patients were 4.2 times higher than those in the control group, LT levels were 3.2 times higher, and yekhtumia levels were 18 times higher. In the BT group, RT decreased by 1.4 times and LT decreased by 1.3 times 30 days after treatment initiation. In the C+BT group, the decreases in LT and RT were similarly significant, both by 2.4 times.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThere were no significant changes in yekutumia symptoms or β-endorphin levels in the blood of patients in the BT group. In the S+BT group, Alexis emotional disorders decreased by 1.2 times, and β-endorphin levels in the blood increased by 1.9 times. The quality of life index of patients in the BT group decreased by 1.2 times 30 days after treatment initiation, while that of patients in the S+BT group decreased by 1.7 times. The conclusion is that elevated levels of personal anxiety, reactive anxiety, and yekhtumia in AD patients reduce their quality of life. The use of the regulatory peptide Selank in the comprehensive treatment of AD patients has a corrective effect on emotional and cognitive disorders, reducing levels of personal anxiety, reactive anxiety, and yekhtumia, increasing levels of β-endorphin in the blood, and improving patients' quality of life\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, as a synthetic peptide drug developed based on the natural peptide clusterin, Selank has shown multi-dimensional application potential in clinical practice and research. Its core value lies in providing new solutions for diseases such as anxiety disorders, stress-related disorders, memory impairment, and immune disorders by regulating the neurotransmitter system, enhancing immune function, and improving cognitive function. Clinical studies have confirmed that Selank can effectively relieve symptoms of anxiety and depression, improve the weakness and cognitive disorders in post-COVID syndrome, and synergistically enhance the anti-inflammatory effect in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Compared with traditional drugs, it has fewer side effects, a longer duration of action, and shows unique advantages in the fields of analgesia, anti-addiction, and neuroprotection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Vyunova TV, Andreeva L, Shevchenko K, Myasoedov N. Peptide-Based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity. \u003cem\u003ePROTEIN PEPTIDE LETT\u003c\/em\u003e 2018; \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c\/strong\u003e(10): 914-23.DOI:10.2174\/0929866525666180925144642.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Konstantinopolsky MA, Chernyakova IV, Kolik LG. Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats. \u003cem\u003eB EXP BIOL MED+\u003c\/em\u003e 2022; \u003cstrong\u003e173\u003c\/strong\u003e(6): 730-3.DOI:10.1007\/s10517-022-05624-x.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Nadorova AV, Chernyakova IV, Kolik LG. Selank effects on morphine-induced analgesia in vivo experiments. \u003cem\u003ePharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics\u003c\/em\u003e 2022.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDOI:https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:248608989.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Koroleva SV, Mjasoedov NF. Physiological Effects of Selank and Its Fragments. BIOL BULL+ 2019; 46(4): 407-14.DOI:10.1134\/S1062359019040071.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Pogodina M, Nikiforova E. Post-COVID Syndrome: Possibilities for Therapy of Asthenic Disorders with Selank. \u003cem\u003eVrach\u003c\/em\u003e 2024.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDOI:https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:270168582.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Ershov FI, Uchakin PN, Uchakina ON, Mezentseva MV, Alekseyeva LA, Myasoyedov NF. Antiviral activity of immunomodulator Selank in experimental influenza infection. \u003cem\u003eVoprosy Virusologii\u003c\/em\u003e 2009; \u003cstrong\u003e54\u003c\/strong\u003e(5): 19-24.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Kolik LG, Nadorova AV, Antipova TA, Kruglov SV, Kudrin VS, Durnev AD. Selank, Peptide Analogue of Tuftsin, Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulating of BDNF Content in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex in Rats. \u003cem\u003eB EXP BIOL MED+\u003c\/em\u003e 2019; \u003cstrong\u003e167\u003c\/strong\u003e(5): 641-4.DOI:10.1007\/s10517-019-04588-9.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Kruglova LS, Novikova LA, Dontsova EV, Borzunova LN, Kova NAV. Possibilities of cognitive-affective disorders correction in patients with atopic dermatitis using selanc regulatory peptide. \u003cem\u003eКурский\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eнаучно\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eпрактический\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eвестник\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e «\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eЧеловек\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eи\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eего\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eздоровье\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e»\u003c\/em\u003e 2020.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ehttps:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:234612442.https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19882898\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46015454412990,"sku":null,"price":30.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Selank.jpg?v=1781294009"},{"product_id":"aicar","title":"AICAR","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAICAR Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAICAR is an analogue of adenosine monophosphate, which is a natural molecule, while the peptide itself can be synthesized in the laboratory. Its main function is the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in adipocytes (fat cells), hepatocytes (liver cells), skeletal muscle, and many other tissues. Activation of this enzyme achieves various effects and potential beneficial properties. One of them is the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and the inhibition of various pro-inflammatory cytokines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to acting as a metabolic regulator, it can also inhibit anabolic processes. Another crucial effect is reflected in the promotion of differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into active cell forms, as well as the inhibition of certain enzymes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase, malonyl-CoA) and the increase in fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. Due to these properties that the peptide exerts on the body, AICAR is considered a potential part of therapy for diabetes type 2 (by increasing the metabolic activity of tissues). It can also be used to protect against cardiac ischemia that occurs after a heart attack or in cases of heart failure. The peptide also has antioxidant properties that are crucial to potentially slowing down the physiological signs of aging. Numerous studies are underway on the use of this compound in many autoimmune diseases, cancers, and other inflammatory conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eThr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e15\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c\/sub\u003eP\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e338.21 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e3031-94-5\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e65110\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAICA ribonucleotide, Z-nucleotide\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAICAR and Cardioprotective Effect\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cardioprotective effect is extremely beneficial, and since there were scientific assumptions that AICAR had such a property, studies were conducted to determine this.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the many studies used a molecule known as doxorubicin (DOX). This powerful chemotherapeutic agent causes serious cardiotoxic effects and dangers to the cardiovascular system that can lead to heart failure. DOX was used to cause heart damage and induce a state of heart failure in the rats used for this study, and then the animals were treated with AICAR. Adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase (AMPK) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis (and thus energy metabolism) and enhances fatty acid oxidation. Scientists hypothesized that impaired mitochondrial function could be crucial to the cardiotoxic effect caused by DOX, so they attempted to restore mitochondrial function by activating AMPK, which led to a cardioprotective effect. Since the main function of AICAR is to activate this enzyme, the peptide could lead to an improvement in the case of heart failure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the study showed that AICAR could improve cardiac systolic function and cardiac mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. A key potential effect of this peptide is preventing myocardial mass loss. In rats treated with DOX, pathways related to protein synthesis were disrupted, and after treatment with this peptide, they were normalized.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis treatment also prevented dyslipidemia and excessive body weight loss, which may be crucial in preserving myocardial mass. Therefore, AICAR can potentially be used as a cardioprotective agent in heart failure to preserve cardiac function and mass.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePotential Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType 2 diabetes is a disease of glucose metabolism in which insulin receptors become resistant to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Treatment options primarily include diet and sometimes drug therapy. This study aimed to examine the effect of AICAR, whose main function is the activation of AMPK, and its effect on metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. This condition was induced by a high-fat diet in the mice model used for the study. The parameters monitored were body weight, glucose, and insulin levels. Internal organs and visceral fat were also assessed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll animals showed signs of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes, weight gain, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased abdominal fat volume, and changes in internal organs. Treatment with AICAR resulted in a reduction in body weight, abdominal fat mass, and improved visceral image. Inflammation in adipose tissue results from insulin resistance, and AICAR can reduce tissue inflammation and thus improve insulin receptor sensitivity. As a result of this mechanism of action, blood sugar homeostasis could be normalized. This peptide has shown potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnti-Inflammatory Properties\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe anti-inflammatory effect is helpful because it can be used for any condition that has an inflammatory process as its cause. Scientists have studied the effect of this peptide on various conditions, one of which was chronic pain, and inflammation can often be the cause. Scientists assumed that the activation of AMPK could alleviate the intensity of pain, and knowing that AICAR is the main activator of this enzyme, they monitored the therapeutic effect of the peptide on this condition. The assumption was that the mechanism of action could be achieved by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β). The immune response in experimental animals is easily induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). This molecule is a driver of pathological changes and causes inflammatory pain. Four days after pain induction and the application of AICAR, the main parameters (most reflect the intensity of pain) were measured.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the results, peptides showed analgesic effects and reduced pain intensity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. Scientists assume that due to the reduction of interleukin-1β expression and, in general, the activation of AMPK, this amino acid sequence may have a potential therapeutic effect on chronic inflammatory pain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCancer Research\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAMPK is believed to have many effects on reducing the amount of cancer cells and tumor survival rates. Scientists assume that by activating this enzyme, tumor cells that are exposed to this environment will start to die over time, slowing down their metabolism. AICAR (as the main activator of this enzyme) can be used together with other chemotherapy drugs to further enhance its effect.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of studies on rat models have shown that the peptide can potentially reduce the dosage of other chemotherapeutic drugs, reduce their side effects, and also act on tumors that are not recommended for chemotherapy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"50MG","offer_id":46016056590526,"sku":null,"price":30.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/AICAR.jpg?v=1781293914"},{"product_id":"vesugen","title":"Vesugen","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVesugen Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"\u003eVesugen is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator composed of three amino acids: lysine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid (Lys-Glu-Asp). This Khavinson short peptide serves as a research tool for studying vascular function and cardiovascular system mechanisms. Laboratory studies suggest that Vesugen may influence vascular endothelial cells and blood vessel tissue responses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"\u003eResearch applications include atherosclerosis studies, metabolic pathway analysis, and central nervous system vascular research. As part of the bioregulatory peptides family, this geroprotective compound enables controlled examination of cellular processes in vascular system research. For research use only.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-0.5\"\u003ePeptide Bioregulator Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eH-Lys-Glu-Asp-OH\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC₁₅H₂₆N₄O₈\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e390.39 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eN\/A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e87571363\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eVesugen Research\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Vesugen?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVesugen is a peptide complex developed by the Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology in St. Petersburg, Russia. It was developed against the backdrop that cardiovascular diseases have become one of the main causes of disability and shortened lifespan worldwide. Changes in the blood vessel wall, alterations in blood flow, and insufficient absorption of nutrients by tissues are potential etiologies of such diseases. Vesugen is designed to correct the vascular pathological changes caused by various diseases, and the amino acids it contains contribute to tissue repair and the normalization of vascular function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Vesugen?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Effects on Cell Proliferation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStimulating the Synthesis of Ki-67 Protein: The short peptide Vesugen can stimulate the synthesis of the proliferation-related protein Ki-67. In tissue-specific cell cultures obtained from young and old animals, as well as in cultures of isolated vascular endothelial cells, the expression of Ki-67 decreases with age, and Vesugen can reverse this trend (Khavinson V K, 2015). Through molecular docking methods, it was found that Vesugen interacts with the promoter region of the MKI67 gene encoding the Ki-67 protein. Specifically, Vesugen contacts the core promoter 5'-agcctcaaccatcaggaaaacaagagt-3', which is located in the MKI67 gene from -14 to +12 base pairs relative to the transcription initiation site, through the sequence CATC, thus achieving epigenetic regulation of Ki-67 gene expression. This indicates that Vesugen may promote cell proliferation by regulating gene expression\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnhancing the Proliferation Potential of Cells: In the study of immune cells in the pineal gland, it was found that the tripeptide Vesugen, although it has no effect on the differentiation ability of immune cells in the pineal gland, enhances their proliferation potential\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Vascular Protective Effect in the Elderly Population\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVascular Protection Achieved through Epigenetic Regulation: The previously revealed vascular protective effect of the peptide Vesugen in the elderly can be achieved through the epigenetic regulation of Ki-67 gene expression. The Ki-67 protein plays an important role in cell proliferation, and Vesugen's regulation of its expression may help maintain the proliferation ability of vascular endothelial cells, thus playing a role in vascular protection\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e3. Effects on Patients with Chronic Multimorbidity and Organic Brain Syndrome of the Central Nervous System\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSignificant Anabolic Effects: In a study of 32 patients aged 41 - 83 years with multimorbidity and in the remission stage of organic brain syndrome of the central nervous system, it was found that the preparations \"Pinealon\" and \"Vesugen\" have significant anabolic effects. They improved the activity of the central nervous system and other important organs and slowed down the aging rate through biological age indicators. Moreover, Vesugen showed a more obvious anti-aging preventive effect than Pinealon\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo Impact on Chromatin Condensation: The study found that Pinealon and Vesugen did not affect the degree of chromatin condensation, indicating that they are safe at the nuclear genetic level \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Vesugen?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e1. Anti-aging\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCellular Anti-aging: Vesugen can activate the sirtuin 1 protein, simulate the effects of calorie restriction, reduce apoptosis, and decrease the rate of cellular aging \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Cellular aging leads to the decline of tissue and organ functions and increases the risk of aging-related diseases. The sirtuin 1 protein is an important anti-aging protein that can regulate the metabolic pathways within cells, enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells, and scavenge free radicals. After activating the sirtuin 1 protein, Vesugen can improve the survival ability of cells and delay the aging process of cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall Anti-aging: Through the protective and reparative effects on multiple tissues and organs such as the vascular system and the nervous system, Vesugen helps maintain the overall function of the body, delays the occurrence of aging-related diseases, and improves the healthy lifespan of the body\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Aging-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and metabolic diseases can seriously affect the healthy lifespan of the body. Through its protective and reparative effects on multiple tissues and organs, Vesugen can reduce the risk of aging-related diseases and improve the healthy lifespan of the body.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImproving Vascular Function: Vesugen can promote the repair and regeneration of endothelial cells. Endothelial cells are an important component of the inner wall of blood vessels, and their damage can lead to vascular dysfunction. Vesugen improves vascular elasticity and reduces vascular resistance by regulating the balance of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor factors, such as nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This helps prevent and improve vascular dysfunctional diseases such as hypertension and arteriosclerosis. Hypertension and arteriosclerosis are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and this effect of Vesugen is of great significance for reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is one of the main pathological bases of cardiovascular diseases. Vesugen prevents the formation and development of atherosclerotic plaques by inhibiting the inflammatory response, reducing oxidative stress damage, and regulating lipid metabolism\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. The inflammatory response and oxidative stress play a key role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Vesugen can inhibit the release of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), etc., and reduce the generation of oxidative stress products, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), etc. In addition, Vesugen can also regulate lipid metabolism, reduce the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and increase the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMyocardial Protection: Under pathological conditions such as myocardial ischemia and hypoxia, Vesugen can reduce the apoptosis and necrosis of myocardial cells and increase the survival rate of myocardial cells by activating related signaling pathways \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Diseases such as myocardial infarction and heart failure can lead to a large number of deaths of myocardial cells, affecting the function of the heart. Vesugen can activate the survival signaling pathways within cells, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/protein kinase B (PI3K\/Akt) pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and inhibit the apoptosis signaling pathway, such as the caspase pathway, etc., thus protecting myocardial cells. This helps improve the prognosis of diseases such as myocardial infarction and heart failure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Treatment of Nervous System Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeuroprotection: Vesugen has a protective effect on neurons, which can increase the survival rate of neurons and reduce the damage of nerve cells\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease can lead to a large number of deaths of neurons, affecting the function of the nervous system. Vesugen can inhibit the apoptosis of nerve cells by regulating the signaling pathways within nerve cells, such as regulating the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins and inhibiting the caspase pathway. In addition, Vesugen can also improve the antioxidant capacity of nerve cells and reduce the damage of oxidative stress to nerve cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePromoting Nerve Regeneration: This drug can also promote the growth and regeneration of nerve axons and improve nerve function. In the rehabilitation treatment of diseases such as peripheral nerve injury and stroke, Vesugen may help promote the recovery of nerve function and improve the quality of life of patients. The growth and regeneration of nerve axons are key links in the repair of the nervous system. Vesugen can activate the expression of nerve growth factors (NGF) and other neurotrophic factors, promoting the growth and regeneration of nerve axons. In addition, Vesugen can also regulate the microenvironment of nerve cells, such as reducing the inflammatory response and promoting the supportive role of glial cells, creating favorable conditions for nerve regeneration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Intervention in Metabolic Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImproving Insulin Sensitivity: After activating the sirtuin 1 protein, Vesugen can improve insulin sensitivity, help cells better absorb and utilize glucose, and thus reduce blood sugar levels\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Type 2 diabetes is a common metabolic disease, and its main characteristics are insulin resistance and elevated blood sugar. Vesugen can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar levels, which is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulating Lipid Metabolism: This drug can also regulate the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, promote the oxidative decomposition of fatty acids, and reduce the accumulation of fat in the body, which helps improve metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia and obesity \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Hyperlipidemia and obesity are major risk factors for metabolic diseases, which will increase the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Vesugen can regulate the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), etc., promote the oxidative decomposition of fatty acids, and reduce the accumulation of fat in the body, thus reducing the risk of metabolic diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, Vesugen can promote cell repair and regeneration, regulate metabolism, and delay aging, which is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular, nervous system diseases, and the improvement of health levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]    Khavinson V K, Tarnovskaya S I, Linkova N S, et al. Epigenetic aspects of peptidergic regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation in aging[J]. Advances in Gerontology, 2015,5(4):219-224.DOI:10.1134\/S2079057015040116.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]    Linkova N S, Khavinson V K, Chalisova N I, et al. Peptidegic Stimulation of Differentiation of Pineal Immune Cells[J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2011,152(1):124-127.DOI:10.1007\/s10517-011-1470-1.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3]    Meshchaninov V N, Tkachenko E L, Zharkov S V, et al. Effect of synthetic peptides on aging of patients with chronic polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome of the central nervous system in remission.[J]. Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi Gerontologii, 2015,28 1:62-67. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:24149000.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"20MG","offer_id":46064740630718,"sku":null,"price":50.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Vesugen.jpg?v=1781293861"},{"product_id":"cartalax","title":"Cartalax","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCartalax Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCartalax, also referred to as AED or T-31, belongs to the class of short regulatory peptides often discussed in relation to Khavinson’s research. It has been proposed to interact with cellular and genetic pathways linked to tissue regulation and structural maintenance. Investigations suggest it may have relevance for processes associated with cellular aging and the dynamics of connective tissues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-xl font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-0.5\"\u003ePeptide Bioregulator Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 119.267px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.7364%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.9121%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.7364%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.9121%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eAla-Glu-Asp AED\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.7364%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.9121%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e19\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.7364%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.9121%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e333.29 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.7364%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.9121%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eN\/A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.7364%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 49.9121%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e87815447\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eCartalax Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Cartalax?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscovery process: It was initially discovered during the study of calf kidneys. The polypeptide extract isolated from the kidneys was able to stimulate the renewal of kidney cells in aged rats. Through analysis, it was found that the extract contained various peptides such as Cartalax (AED) and T-35 (EDL). This discovery triggered in-depth research by scientists on the characteristics and functions of Cartalax.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch on the mechanism of action: Studies have found that Cartalax mainly acts on fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are widely present in tissues such as human cartilage, skin, blood vessels, and kidneys. Cartalax affects cell proliferation and apoptosis through multiple molecular mechanisms, such as increasing the level of the cell proliferation marker Ki-67, reducing p53 signaling, and activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. These effects endow Cartalax with the functions of reducing cell senescence, restoring the function of aged cells, and delaying tissue aging, so it is classified as an anti-aging biological regulator.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical research: In human trials conducted at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Cartalax was used to treat patients with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. The results showed that Cartalax could relieve the pain of 68% of patients with knee osteoarthritis and 53% of patients with spondylarthrosis, improve joint mobility, and show signs of cartilage improvement on imaging, and also had certain benefits for the symptoms of osteoporosis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Cartalax?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe role of Cartalax in the oxidation of the lipid micelle system\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe influence on the oxidation process\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn an in vitro system, Cartalax has a complex influence on the oxidation process. On the one hand, under certain conditions, it can inhibit the Fe2+-induced substrate oxidation process\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. The oligopeptide exerts this effect due to the binding of the cationic initiator. This indicates that Cartalax may interfere with the initiation stage of the oxidation reaction by interacting with cations, thereby slowing down the oxidation process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, under the oxidation conditions initiated by azobis(isobutyronitrile), Cartalax will accelerate the oxidation. Under these conditions, in the composition with antioxidants, Cartalax acts as an antagonist with other peptides of different chemical structures, greatly reducing the inhibitory effects of β-carotene and α-tocopherol. This means that under specific oxidation initiation conditions, the presence of Cartalax may change the mechanism of action of the antioxidant, weakening its inhibitory effect on oxidation \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteraction with other substances\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the oxidation process of the lipid micelle system, Cartalax interacts with other bioactive oligopeptides, model dipeptides and tripeptides, and antioxidants. For example, when co-existing in an in vitro system with substances such as Veron (Lys-Glu), Vesugen (Lys-Glu-Asp), Pineal (Glu-γ-Asp-delta-Arg), honluten (Glu-I-3-Asp-Gly), Egg (Glu-I-3-Asp-Leu), kristagen (Glu-I-3-Asp-Pro), Epithalon (Ala-I-3-Glu-I-3-Asp-Gly), Carnosine (β-Ala-His), Glycylglycine (Gly-Gly), Glycylglycylglycine (Gly-Gly-Gly), Prolylproline (Pro-Pro), Prolylproline (Pro-Pro-Pro), and Glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly), its oxidation properties show diversity \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperiments have shown that in the presence of peptides, the accumulation rate of hydroperoxides increases, and the absorption rate of antioxidants also changes. This indicates that Cartalax not only affects the oxidation process itself but also has an impact on the accumulation and absorption of other substances during the oxidation process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe role of mimicking enzymes and natural oxidation inhibitors\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proposed composition of Cartalax mimics the antioxidant effects of enzymes and natural oxidation inhibitors in vitro, which are inherent in living organisms \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This means that Cartalax may have functions similar to those of enzymes and natural antioxidants in living organisms and has potential significance for maintaining the oxidation balance of organisms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Cartalax?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCartilage repair and joint health: Cartalax helps restore the integrity of cartilage tissue by stimulating the protein synthesis of chondrocytes, thereby reducing joint pain and stiffness and improving joint function. Cartalax has shown significant effects in the treatment of diseases such as spondylarthrosis, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. It can promote the synthesis of key cartilage proteins such as collagen, support the structural integrity of the cartilage matrix, and help it recover from damage caused by wear or inflammation. In addition, Cartalax also has a preventive effect on the degenerative lesions of the spine and joints in the elderly, helping to delay the occurrence of these lesions and improve the quality of life of the elderly\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory effect: Cartalax has anti-inflammatory properties and can regulate the inflammatory response. It affects the production of cytokines by interacting with them and restores a balanced inflammatory response. In the model of induced inflammation, Cartalax reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX-2), and at the same time increased the expression of key components of anti-inflammatory and tissue repair pathways such as IL-10 and TGF-β. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) can reduce the increase in skin thickness caused by inflammation and regulate the differential count of white blood cells in blood serum samples. Compared with the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin, GSPE has shown good anti-inflammatory effects (Radhi H, 2021). This anti-inflammatory effect makes Cartalax have potential application value in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, especially in arthritis and other inflammatory joint diseases \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTissue regeneration: Cartalax may support the regenerative potential of various tissues by stimulating the proliferation of stem cells and progenitor cells. In vitro studies have shown that Cartalax may increase the proliferation rate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are crucial for tissue repair and maintenance because they can differentiate into specialized cell types required to maintain tissue function. This characteristic makes Cartalax have broad application prospects in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, especially in the regeneration of cartilage and bone tissues\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExercise recovery: Cartalax also has applications in sports medicine, especially among athletes or people who engage in strenuous exercise. It can support joint health, reduce exercise-induced joint damage, and promote cartilage repair. For athletes who often engage in high-intensity training, Cartalax can help them recover faster after training and competitions and reduce joint problems caused by overuse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystemic diseases and the perioperative period: Cartalax is also applied in systemic connective tissue diseases and during the preoperative and postoperative periods of joint surgery. In systemic connective tissue diseases, Cartalax helps to regulate the immune response, reduce inflammation, and protect joint and cartilage tissues. During the preoperative and postoperative periods of joint surgery, Cartalax can help prevent bone and joint damage and promote postoperative recovery, reducing the occurrence of postoperative complications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevention of degenerative lesions in the elderly: For the elderly, Cartalax helps prevent the degenerative lesions of the spine and joints. With the increase of age, the natural degeneration of cartilage and joint tissues is inevitable, but Cartalax can delay this process by stimulating the activity of chondrocytes and promoting the synthesis of collagen, improve joint function, and improve the quality of life of the elderly.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSkin health: Research shows that Cartalax may enhance the elasticity and structure of the skin by promoting the synthesis of collagen or improving the function of skin cells. This makes Cartalax have potential application value in the fields of skin care and anti-aging, especially in improving skin texture and reducing wrinkles\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRenal protection: Some studies have shown that Cartalax may have a protective effect on renal function and structure. It may protect the kidneys from damage by affecting the cellular processes in the kidneys, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. This renal protective effect makes Cartalax have potential application value in the treatment of kidney diseases and related diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-aging: Cartalax is considered an anti-aging peptide that can slow down certain aspects of the aging process by affecting various cellular mechanisms. It may improve overall vitality and health by regulating the cell cycle, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and promoting tissue repair and regeneration. This anti-aging characteristic makes Cartalax have potential application value in delaying aging-related diseases and improving overall health\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mechanism of action of Cartalax is complex, having a dual impact on the oxidation process. It can interact with a variety of substances and simulate antioxidant functions. Its applications are extensive, demonstrating potential in multiple fields such as tissue regeneration, sports recovery, disease treatment, and skin health.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]    Storozhok N M, Tsymbal I N, Boldyreva Y V, et al. New approaches to stabilization of oxidation of lipid micellar systems with biologically active oligopeptides[J]. Russian Chemical Bulletin, 2014,63(9):2175-2183.DOI:10.1007\/s11172-014-0716-2.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]    Piskovatska V, Strilbytska O, Koliada A, et al. Health Benefits of Anti-aging Drugs[J]. Subcell Biochem, 2019,91:339-392.DOI:10.1007\/978-981-13-3681-2_13.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"20MG","offer_id":46064752230590,"sku":null,"price":45.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Cartalax.jpg?v=1781293812"},{"product_id":"epithalon","title":"Epitalon","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEpithalon Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEpithalon \u003c\/b\u003e(also known as Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide derivative of Epithalamin composed of four amino acids (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly). Primarily studied for its potential anti-aging properties, research suggests it may influence telomere length and activate telomerase, the enzyme that rebuilds telomeres (the protective caps at the end of chromosomes).\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAla-Glu-Asp-Gly\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e390.35 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e307297-39-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e219042\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e307297-39-8, Glycine, L-alanyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eScientific Overview of Epithalon\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEpithalon, also referred to as Epitalon, is a synthetic peptide that has been studied for its possible involvement in cellular aging processes. Experimental investigations suggest that it may interact with telomerase activity and influence melatonin production. Research has also explored its potential relevance to areas such as oxidative stress, gene regulation, and circadian rhythm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlternative Names:\u003c\/strong\u003e Epitalon, Epithalone, Epithalamin\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudies and Research Data\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInvestigations into DNA Regulation and Gene Expression\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLaboratory studies suggest that Epithalon may influence the regulation of certain genes. Findings indicate possible interactions with promoter regions of genes linked to immune system function, extracellular matrix maintenance, and cellular signaling. Experimental data also propose that Epithalon may modulate histone-DNA interactions, potentially altering chromatin accessibility and influencing transcription processes. Research in stem cells has suggested an upregulation of markers associated with neuronal differentiation, which could point toward possible roles in epigenetic regulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEpithalon Exploration of Melatonin Secretion\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch on rodent and primate models has examined whether Epithalon may play a role in melatonin synthesis. The peptide has been studied for its potential influence on enzymes and proteins associated with circadian rhythm, suggesting a possible connection to the regulation of sleep-related hormonal cycles.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Related to Oocyte and Cellular Aging\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies on oocyte models have proposed that Epithalon may help preserve cellular structure during the aging process. Evidence includes observations of reduced oxidative stress markers, improved mitochondrial parameters, and decreased indicators of DNA damage. These findings suggest potential roles for the peptide in supporting cellular stability under conditions of stress.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEpithalon Studies on Tumor Growth Pathways\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRodent experiments have investigated Epithalon in the context of cancer research, with particular attention to its potential modulation of circadian-related genes. For example, PER1 gene activity, which is often reduced in tumor progression, has been examined as a possible pathway of interest. Preliminary data suggest that Epithalon may influence tumor development and radiation sensitivity, though further research is needed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch into Extracellular Matrix Dynamics\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEpithalon has been explored for its possible impact on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as MMP2, which are associated with tissue remodeling. In animal studies, peptide exposure was linked with increased fibroblast activity, suggesting potential roles in connective tissue processes. Investigations have also considered whether Epithalon may interact with enzymes involved in programmed cell death, raising questions about its relevance to cell survival.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEpithalon Investigations into Visual Function\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRat models of retinal degeneration have been used to evaluate Epithalon’s potential impact on eye structure and retinal bioelectrical activity. Some studies suggest improvements in structural preservation and functional outcomes, though the mechanisms remain under investigation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch on Epithalon spans diverse themes, including cellular aging, gene expression, circadian regulation, extracellular matrix dynamics, and visual function. Findings are preliminary, and while they suggest multiple possible biological pathways of interest, further studies are required to clarify mechanisms and implications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"40MG","offer_id":46064893198526,"sku":null,"price":120.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Epitalon.jpg?v=1781290527"},{"product_id":"cagrilintide","title":"Cagrilintide","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCagrilitide Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCagrilintide is a novel long-acting amylin analog and dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA), designed based on the structure of amylin. It regulates metabolic parameters such as body weight and blood glucose by activating both amylin and calcitonin receptors. In preclinical and clinical studies, Cagrilintide has demonstrated significant weight-loss effects and effective glycemic control. With an extended half-life of approximately 7-8 days, it allows for less frequent dosing and improved patient compliance. This advancement addresses the limitation of the shorter half-life associated with native amylin, offering a promising new treatment option for obesity and type 2 diabetes, and bringing new hope for the management of metabolic diseases. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e{Eicosanedioic-acid-γ-Glu}-Lys-Cys-Asn-Thr-Ala-Thr-Cys-Ala-Thr-Gln-Arg-Leu-Ala-Glu-Phe-Leu-Arg-His-Ser-Ser-Asn-Asn-Phe-Gly-Pro-Ile-Leu-Pro-Pro-Thr-Asn-Val-Gly-Ser-Asn-Thr-Pro-NH2 (Disulfide bridge:Cys3-Cys8)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eC\u003csub\u003e174\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e269\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e45\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e52\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e4409 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e1415456-99-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e171397054\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCagrilintide, 1415456-99-3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eCagrilintide Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Cagrilintide?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCagrilintide is a dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA) developed based on the structure of amylin. Amylin is secreted by pancreatic islet β cells and works in concert with insulin to exert various physiological functions. It can induce a feeling of satiety and reduce food intake, mainly by activating the receptors in the area postrema at the base of the fourth ventricle. The neural signals are transmitted to the forebrain through the nucleus of the solitary tract and can also be transmitted to the lateral hypothalamic area and other nuclear groups via the lateral parabrachial nucleus, thereby exciting the satiety center and inhibiting food intake\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Amylin can also regulate glucose homeostasis by inhibiting the secretion of insulin and glucagon to maintain stable blood glucose levels\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Its mechanisms include a direct effect on pancreatic islet α cells and an indirect regulation of glucagon secretion through neural signals in the hypothalamus. In patients with diabetes, the destruction of β cells leads to a decrease in amylin secretion. Amylin participates in the regulation of glucose homeostasis by inhibiting gastric emptying and postprandial hepatic glucose production, reducing postprandial blood glucose fluctuations. It can also delay gastric emptying, inhibit gastrointestinal peristalsis, prolong the residence time of food, and prevent a sharp rise in blood glucose. However, the short half-life of natural amylin limits its clinical application. Although pramlintide is available as an adjuvant drug, it requires three injections a day, which is inconvenient and results in poor compliance \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. To address this issue, Cagrilintide was developed. Its research and development are based on a deep understanding of the physiological functions of natural amylin, aiming to mimic its mechanism of action while improving the stability and long-acting properties of the drug to meet clinical needs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is Cagrilintide?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCagrilintide is a novel long-acting amylin analog with great potential, having already shown initial effectiveness in the treatment of obesity and diabetes. It has been lipidated and possesses stable and long-acting characteristics \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Amylin is co-released with insulin by pancreatic β cells and induces a feeling of satiety by acting on the homeostatic and pleasure regions of the brain. As an analog, Cagrilintide can mimic this effect, inducing satiety to help control body weight. At the same time, as a dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA), it is derived from the amylin backbone and has a unique mechanism in metabolic regulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"https:\/\/ars.els-cdn.com\/content\/image\/1-s2.0-S1520480421005482-jm-2021-005654_0007_lrg.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/ars.els-cdn.com\/content\/image\/1-s2.0-S1520480421005482-jm-2021-005654_0007_lrg.gif\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eStructural Model of Cagrinlintide\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the related applications of Cagrilintide?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn clinical trials, Cagrilintide has achieved positive results in inducing weight loss. For example, in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and active comparator Phase 2 dose-finding trial, compared with the placebo group, the average percentage of weight loss from baseline in each dose group of Cagrilintide (0.3 - 4.5 mg) (6.0% - 10.8%) was higher than that in the placebo group (3.0%). The weight loss in the 4.5 mg group was also greater than that in the liraglutide 3.0 mg group (10.8% vs. 9.0%), indicating that it can be an effective option for weight management\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Cagrilintide has a different but related mechanism of action compared with the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide. Semaglutid reduces appetite, increases insulin secretion, and delays gastric emptying by acting on the GLP-1 receptors in the hypothalamus, while Cagrilintide further reduces appetite by activating the amylin receptor. The combined use of the two can produce a superimposed effect, significantly enhancing the weight loss effect\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Given the complexity of obesity, this combined treatment is a reasonable and effective strategy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn patients with type 2 diabetes, Cagrilintide has also demonstrated good blood glucose control ability. Clinical studies have shown that it has good stability and effectiveness in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. For example, in a clinical trial of patients with type 2 diabetes, the combined use of Cagrilintide and the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide showed good blood glucose control and weight loss effects\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Another trial also demonstrated its good tolerability and safety when used alone or in combination with semaglutide\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e, because the stability of the drug is closely related to its tolerability and safety.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn addition, Cagrilintide has been well tolerated in clinical trials. In the Phase 2 dose-finding trial, the permanent discontinuation rates in each treatment group were similar, mostly due to adverse events. However, the most common adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders and injection site reactions, and most of them were mild to moderate. In a randomized, controlled Phase 1b trial, the combined treatment of Cagrilintide and 2.4 mg semaglutide also showed good tolerability and safety \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Larger-scale and longer-term trials are needed in the future to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this combined treatment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCagrilintide brings new hope for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. It provides a new treatment option for obese patients, especially those who do not respond well to lifestyle interventions and are not suitable for bariatric surgery. Its unique mechanism of action provides new ideas and methods for the treatment of obesity, and it may have more advantages than traditional weight loss drugs (D'Ascanio A M, 2024). The successful case of the combined use of Cagrilintide and semaglutide (CagriSema) shows that multi-target combined treatment is an effective strategy to improve the treatment response for obesity\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This model provides a new paradigm for the management of obesity and also brings significant metabolic improvements to patients with type 2 diabetes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, as a novel long-acting amylin analog, Cagrilintide has significant potential for weight loss and blood glucose control. It activates the satiety signaling pathway by mimicking the action of amylin and regulates metabolism as a dual receptor agonist. Clinical trials have shown that Cagrilintide, either alone or in combination with semaglutide, can significantly reduce body weight and is well tolerated. In addition, it has also shown good blood glucose control ability in patients with type 2 diabetes, providing a new treatment option for the treatment of obesity and diabetes, filling the gap in existing treatment regimens, especially for patients who do not respond well to lifestyle interventions and are not suitable for surgery. Its multi-target treatment strategy provides new ideas for the management of metabolic diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Hansen K E, Murali S, Chaves I Z, et al. Glycomacropeptide Impacts Amylin-Mediated Satiety, Postprandial Markers of Glucose Homeostasis, and the Fecal Microbiome in Obese Postmenopausal Women[J]. Journal of Nutrition, 2023,153(7):1915-1929.DOI:10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.03.014.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Ling W, Huang Y, Qiao Y, et al. Human Amylin: From Pathology to Physiology and Pharmacology[J]. Current Protein \u0026amp; Peptide Science, 2019,20(9):944-957.DOI:10.2174\/1389203720666190328111833.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Kruse T, Hansen J L, Dahl K, et al. Development of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin Analogue[J]. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2021,64(15):11183-11194.DOI:10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00565.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Lau D C W, Erichsen L, Francisco A M, et al. Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial[J]. Lancet, 2021,398(10317):2160-2172.DOI:10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01751-7.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] D'Ascanio A M, Mullally J A, Frishman W H. Cagrilintide: A Long-Acting Amylin Analog for the Treatment of Obesity[J]. Cardiology in Review, 2024,32(1):83-90.DOI:10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000513.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Frias J P, Deenadayalan S, Erichsen L, et al. Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2.4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial[J]. Lancet, 2023,402(10403):720-730.DOI:10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01163-7.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Enebo L B, Berthelsen K K, Kankam M, et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trial[J]. Lancet, 2021,397(10286):1736-1748.DOI:10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00845-X.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46070966943934,"sku":null,"price":90.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Cagrilintide.jpg?v=1781293764"},{"product_id":"tesamorelin-ipamorelin-blend","title":"Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin Blend","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTesamorelin Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTesamorelin is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog. By mimicking the naturally occurring GHRH in the human body, it stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release growth hormone (GH), thereby increasing the level of serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). In this way, Tesamorelin can regulate the body's growth hormone axis, affect the secretion and release of growth hormone, and thus have an impact on the body's metabolism, growth and development, as well as various physiological functions. Tesamorelin is mainly used to treat lipid metabolism disorders caused by antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected individuals, especially the excessive accumulation of abdominal fat. In addition, it also shows certain potential in improving fat distribution, reducing visceral fat, and enhancing metabolic health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDuring the treatment of GH deficiency with rhGH, clinical efficacy coexists with adverse side effects. These adverse side effects have prompted researchers to search for new treatment strategies, thus promoting the development of GFR analogs. GFR analogs are expected to maintain a certain therapeutic effect while reducing adverse side effects and improving patients' tolerability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs a synthetic GFR, the development of Tesamorelin is mainly aimed at diseases that may be related to a relative deficiency of GH. Among them, HIV-related lipodystrophy is one of its important potential indications. HIV patients often experience symptoms of lipodystrophy, which not only affects the appearance of patients but may also lead to a series of health problems. Therefore, the development of an effective treatment method is crucial for improving the quality of life of HIV patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIpamorelin Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"\u003eIpamorelin is a synthetic peptide studied extensively as a growth hormone secretagogue in laboratory research. This compound belongs to the growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) class and serves as a research tool for examining pituitary receptor interactions and growth hormone release mechanisms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"\u003eIpamorelin is a pentapeptide (composed of 5 amino acids) that functions as a ghrelin mimetic in experimental models. Developed in the 1990s for research applications, this compound demonstrates selective growth hormone release properties without affecting other pituitary hormones, distinguishing it from earlier-generation peptides in laboratory studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"\u003eThe compound shows high specificity for the GHS-R1a receptor, enabling targeted investigation of physiological responses in vitro. Its selective mechanism has established it as a valuable research tool for investigating growth hormone signaling pathways, metabolic regulation, and receptor-ligand interactions in scientific studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecification\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTesamorelin\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIpamorelin\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTyr-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-Phe-Thr-Asn-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Val-Leu-Gly-Gln-Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Gln-Asp-Ile-Met-Ser-Arg-Gln-Gln-Gly-Glu-Ser-Asn-Gln-Glu-Arg-Gly-Ala-Arg-Ala-Arg-Leu\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eAib-His-\u003csmall\u003eD\u003c\/small\u003e-2-Nal-\u003csmall\u003eD\u003c\/small\u003e-Phe-Lys-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC\u003csub\u003e221\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e366\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e72\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e67\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cspan title=\"Carbon\"\u003eC\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e38\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan title=\"Hydrogen\"\u003eH\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e49\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan title=\"Nitrogen\"\u003eN\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e9\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan title=\"Oxygen\"\u003eO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e5\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e5136 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"nowrap\"\u003e711.868\u003c\/span\u003e g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e16137828\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e9831659\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e218949-48-5\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e170851-70-4\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEgrifta\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNNC-26-0161；UNII-Y9M3S784Z6；IPAMORELIN ACETAT\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"20MG Tesamorelin \/ 6MG Ipamorelin","offer_id":46384010100926,"sku":null,"price":130.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Tesamorelin_IpamorelinBlend.jpg?v=1781293689"},{"product_id":"glutathione","title":"Glutathione","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlutathione Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutathione, that is, GSH, is a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine, and its structural formula is γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine. It has important physiological functions in living organisms. As a key non-protein thiol compound within cells, it possesses multiple functions such as antioxidation, detoxification, and participation in the regulation of cellular metabolism, playing a crucial role in maintaining the normal function of cells and the stability of the internal environment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eH-gGlu-Cys-Gly-OH\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e17\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e307.33 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e70-18-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e124886\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGlutathione；L-Glutathione reduced；Glutathion\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlutathione\u003c\/strong\u003e Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Glutathione?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe discovery and structural determination of glutathione: In 1888, glutathione was first discovered in yeast. In 1921, scientists further determined its chemical structure. It is a tripeptide formed by the condensation of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine through peptide bonds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecognition of its important roles in living organisms: Since the 1930s, people have gradually recognized that glutathione has a variety of important functions in living organisms. It participates in the redox reactions within cells, playing a key role in maintaining the stability of the intracellular environment and protecting cells from oxidative damage. At the same time, it also plays an important role in physiological processes such as amino acid transport and regulation of enzyme activity. These discoveries have laid a theoretical foundation for the application of glutathione in the medical field.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch on sources driven by medical application demands: With the deepening of research on the physiological functions of glutathione, its potential application value in the medical field has become increasingly prominent. It is used to treat a variety of diseases, such as liver diseases and eye diseases, and can also be used as an antioxidant. In order to meet the large demand for glutathione in clinical applications, researchers began to devote themselves to exploring efficient and stable sources of glutathione, which has promoted in-depth research on its sources.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Glutathione?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Antioxidant effect\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutathione (GSH) is an effective antioxidant that participates in the antioxidant defense system within cells. It can directly react with reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and reduce them to harmless substances (Reddy V N. 1990; Sinha R, 2018). For example, through the glutathione redox cycle, glutathione reacts with H₂O₂ and converts it into water, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. In this process, glutathione is oxidized to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), but the glutathione reductase in the cell can reduce GSSG back to GSH, maintaining the antioxidant capacity of the cell.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutathione can also protect the -SH groups on the cell membrane, which play an important role in cation transport and membrane permeability. By maintaining the reduced state of the membrane -SH groups, glutathione helps to maintain the stability and normal function of the cell membrane\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Detoxification effect\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutathione plays an important role in the detoxification process. It can bind to toxins to form non-toxic or low-toxic compounds and promote their excretion from the body. For example, in the liver, glutathione binds to various harmful substances and is excreted from the body through bile or urine, protecting liver cells from the damage of toxins. The liver is the main detoxification organ of the human body, and the role of glutathione in it is crucial.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Influence on the immune system\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutathione has important functions in immune cells. In macrophages, natural killer cells, and T cells, for example, it can regulate cell activation, metabolism, appropriate cytokine release, redox activity, and free radical levels\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Immune cells play a key role in combating pathogens and maintaining the health of the body. Glutathione enhances the body's immune ability by regulating the functions of these cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutathione can stabilize redox activity, shift the cytokine profile towards a Th1-type response, and enhance the function of T lymphocytes, thus playing an important immunomodulatory and antioxidant role\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Th1-type cytokines are mainly involved in cellular immune responses against pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells. Glutathione enhances the body's immune defense ability by regulating the balance of cytokines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Role in the reproductive system\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutathione plays an important role in the male and female germ cells of mammals as well as in the early stages of embryonic development. In male and female gametes, GSH is involved in protecting these cells from oxidative damage\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. For example, during spermatogenesis, the concentration of glutathione gradually decreases, and during oocyte maturation, the synthesis of glutathione is regulated by gonadotropins, and its concentration also changes. Glutathione is also related to maintaining the morphology of the meiotic spindle of the oocyte. After fertilization, it plays a positive role in the formation of the male pronucleus and the development of the early embryo to the blastocyst stage. In addition, cumulus cells also play an important role in the synthesis of glutathione.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Glutathione?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Application in alcoholic liver disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a serious disease characterized by severe oxidative stress. Chronic alcohol use can trigger oxidative stress and inflammation, damaging liver cells. Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide composed of γ-glutamylcysteineylglycine containing a thiol group, participates in redox reactions and is the main free radical scavenger within cells. In the liver, the concentration of GSH is relatively high, but in patients with ALD, its endogenous level decreases, exacerbating the condition.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntravenous supplementation of GSH has shown good effects in patients with ALD, being able to improve liver function and reduce fibrosis markers\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Role in delaying aging\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, three-arm study of healthy female subjects, the melanin index and ultraviolet spots on the face and arms of subjects taking GSH or GSSG were often lower than those of the placebo group. In some areas, the wrinkles of subjects taking GSH were significantly reduced, and compared with the placebo group, the skin elasticity of the GSH and GSSG groups showed a tendency to increase. This study indicates that glutathione has a positive effect on delaying skin aging\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Application in Parkinson's disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder. Research shows that glutathione (GSH) may have a certain therapeutic effect on PD. Through a systematic search of multiple databases and meta-analysis, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III between GSH and the control group, and there was also a significant difference in glutathione peroxidase. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in UPDRS I and UPDRS II scores and side effects. In addition, subgroup analysis showed that the dose (300mg vs 600mg) was a factor affecting UPDRS III. This indicates that GSH may slightly improve the motor scores of PD without increasing the occurrence of adverse events\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Application in cardiovascular diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevention of cardiovascular diseases: In cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery obstruction, hypertensive heart disease, and stroke, many cardiovascular pathologies generate a state of oxidative stress during their development, leading to the deterioration of patients' conditions, which is related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Reduced glutathione (GSH), as an important antioxidant, can participate in combating the oxidation of active substances. GSH is synthesized in the heart and liver and is of great significance for preventing or reducing the harmful ROS effects in cardiovascular diseases\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn cardiovascular diseases: Lower circulating glycine levels are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies have found that glycine deficiency enhances the development of atherosclerosis, while glycine supplementation weakens it. DT-109 is a glycine-based compound with dual lipid-lowering\/glucose-lowering properties and has a significant protective effect against atherosclerosis. Studies on patients with coronary heart disease, atherosclerotic mice, and macrophages have shown that glycine has a pathogenic role in atherosclerosis, and glycine-based treatment can alleviate atherosclerosis through the antioxidant effect of inducing glutathione biosynthesis \u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" class=\"lazyloaded\" data-src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" data-original=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/liBpiKirljSRjlnqilmmkq\/2.png\" class=\"lazyloaded\" data-src=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/liBpiKirljSRjlnqilmmkq\/2.png\" data-original=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/liBpiKirljSRjlnqilmmkq\/2.png\" style=\"width: 557px; height: 524px;\" border=\"0\" height=\"524\" width=\"557\" alt=\"2\" title=\"2\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Application in the prevention and treatment of eye diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevention and treatment of cataracts: In ophthalmology, glutathione can be used for the prevention and treatment of cataracts. Research shows that the occurrence of cataracts is closely related to oxidative damage in the lens. As an antioxidant, glutathione can reduce the impact of oxidative damage on lens cells and maintain the normal function of the lens. For example, in a study, eye drops containing glutathione were used to treat cataract patients, and it was observed that the degree of lens opacity of the patients was reduced, and their vision was improved to a certain extent \u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevention and treatment of retinopathy: Retinopathy is a common eye disease, and its occurrence is related to factors such as oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Glutathione can, through its antioxidant effect, reduce the oxidative damage of the retinal tissue, inhibit the inflammatory response, and thus protect retinal cells. In addition, glutathione can also promote the metabolic function of retinal cells and enhance the self-repair ability of the retina\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Application in multiple sclerosis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn multiple sclerosis, neuronal degeneration is related to oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an effective oral treatment option that has been proven to reduce disease activity and progression in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. DMF can activate the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), leading to an increase in the synthesis of the main cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH), and has a significant neuroprotective effect in vitro. Studies have found that DMF does induce glutathione reductase (GSR), increasing the recycling of glutathione by inducing GSR\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Application in Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is considered one of the important causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ferroptosis is a newly recognized mechanism of oxidative cell death that is highly related to AD. Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) is beneficial in relieving learning and memory in AD and aged mouse models. Studies have found that TSG resists the neurotoxic death of nerve cells caused by Aβ by regulating ferroptosis-related proteins and enzymes in APP\/PS1 mice, alleviates cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory damage, and promotes the activation of the GSH\/GPX4\/ROS and Keap1\/Nrf2\/ARE signaling pathways. In addition, TSG also reduces the expression of markers related to ferroptosis and enhances the ability to resist oxidative stress \u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Adjuvant treatment of respiratory diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdjuvant treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): For patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, airway inflammation and oxidative stress are important factors leading to the progression of the disease. Glutathione can alleviate airway inflammation and improve respiratory function through its antioxidant effect. It can scavenge free radicals in the airway, reduce the damage of oxidative stress to airway epithelial cells, and thus relieve airway inflammation. In addition, glutathione can also regulate immune function and enhance the body's resistance to pathogens \u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. Application in islet diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase were evaluated in the serum of patients with islet diseases and diabetic patients. Research shows that in this disease, the imbalance of the ratio of oxidants to antioxidants may be related to the condition, and the specific mechanism remains to be further studied\u003csup\u003e[13]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a tripeptide compound composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine, glutathione plays a variety of key roles in living organisms, such as antioxidation, detoxification, immune regulation, and influence on the reproductive system. Since its discovery, with the deepening of research, its application value in the medical field has been continuously highlighted, showing positive effects in the treatment or prevention of a variety of diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular diseases, and eye diseases. Although the application mechanisms in some aspects and the details of its roles in certain diseases remain to be further explored, glutathione is of great significance in maintaining the health of the body and preventing and treating diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]  Reddy V N. Glutathione and its function in the lens-an overview.[J]. Experimental Eye Research, 1990,50(6):771-778.DOI:10.1016\/0014-4835(90)90127-G.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]  Abnousian A, Vasquez J, Sasaninia K, et al. Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes in the Immune Response against  Tuberculosis[J]. Biomedicines, 2023,11(5).DOI:10.3390\/biomedicines11051340.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3]  Ogunfolaju E. Glutathione[M]. 2020.https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/344526535_Glutathione.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4]  Ck D A. Intravenous Glutathione: A Promising Therapy for the Alcoholic Liver Disease[J]. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 2024.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5]  Weschawalit S, Thongthip S, Phutrakool P, et al. Glutathione and its antiaging and antimelanogenic effects[J]. Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 2017,10:147-153.DOI:10.2147\/CCID.S128339.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6]  Wang H, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. Potential use of glutathione as a treatment for Parkinson's disease[J]. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2021,21(2):125.DOI:10.3892\/etm.2020.9557.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7]  Matuz-Mares D, Riveros-Rosas H, Vilchis-Landeros M M, et al. Glutathione Participation in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases[J]. Antioxidants, 2021,10(8).DOI:10.3390\/antiox10081220.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[8]  Rom O, Liu Y, Finney A C, et al. Induction of glutathione biosynthesis by glycine-based treatment mitigates  atherosclerosis[J]. Redox Biology, 2022,52:102313.DOI:10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102313.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[9]  Ganeshpurkar A, Bhadoriya S S, Pardhi P, et al. In vitro prevention of cataract by Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus florida extract on  isolated goat eye lens[J]. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2011,43(6):667-670.DOI:10.4103\/0253-7613.89823.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[10] Hoffmann C, Dietrich M, Herrmann A, et al. Dimethyl Fumarate Induces Glutathione Recycling by Upregulation of Glutathione Reductase[J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017,2017.DOI:10.1155\/2017\/6093903.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[11] Gao Y, Li J, Wu Q, et al. Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside ameliorates Alzheimer's disease in APP\/PS1 mice  via glutathione peroxidase related ferroptosis[J]. International Immunopharmacology, 2021,99:108002.DOI:10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108002.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[12] Dewan B, Shinde S. Glutathione an Effective Adjuvant Therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 Infection[J]. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 2022.DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jrms.jrms_777_20.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[13] Khaki L, Vaezi G, Ayatollahi A, et al. Evaluation of Glutathione Reductase and Glutathione Peroxidase in the Serum of Iranian Patients with Alopecia Areata: A Case-control Study[J]. Iranian Journal of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, 2020,19(6):676-678.DOI:10.18502\/ijaai.v19i6.4937.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"1500MG","offer_id":46384874225854,"sku":null,"price":60.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Glutathione.jpg?v=1781295385"},{"product_id":"thymosin-alpha-1","title":"Thymosin Alpha-1","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThymosin Alpha-1 Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThymosin Alpha-1 (Thymalfasin), a naturally occurring polypeptide in the thymus composed of 28 amino acids, possesses immunomodulatory functions. It regulates immune system function by enhancing the Th1 immune response and promoting the differentiation and maturation of T cells. Thymosin Alpha-1 has demonstrated therapeutic potential in various diseases, including chronic hepatitis B and C, AIDS, primary immunodeficiency diseases, and cancer. Additionally, it exhibits significant effects in enhancing vaccine responses and improving immunological dysfunction. Its advantages lie in high safety, good tolerability, and the ability to enhance the body's defense against infections and tumors through immune system regulation, particularly holding important clinical application value in immunocompromised or immunodysregulated conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAc-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-OH\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e129\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e215\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e33\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e55\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e3108.3 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e62304-98-7\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e16130571\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGThymalfasin；Zadaxin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"tab-content active\" id=\"tab-description\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eThymosin Alpha-1 Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is Thymosin Alpha-1?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThymosin Alpha-1 is a polypeptide composed of 28 amino acids. It naturally exists in the thymus and plays a crucial role in the maturation and differentiation process of T cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Thymosin Alpha-1?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThymosin Alpha-1 is a bioactive polypeptide isolated and purified from thymosin fraction 5, consisting of 28 amino acids. The thymus is an important organ of the immune system, which produces various substances that regulate immune function, and thymosin is one of them. With the in-depth study of the functions of the thymus, people have gradually realized that the active components in it may have potential value for the treatment of various diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Thymosin Alpha-1?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunomodulation: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThymosin Alpha-1 is a biological response modifier that can activate various cells in the immune system. It mainly regulates immune function by enhancing the differentiation and maturation of T cells (Sjogren M H, 2004; Mao L, 2023). Specifically, Thymosin Alpha-1 may affect thymocytes by stimulating their differentiation or transforming them into active T cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-inflammatory mechanism: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia, Thymosin Alpha-1 accelerates the recovery from pneumonia through its anti-inflammatory mechanism. It can reduce the inflammatory response, promote the alleviation of COVID-19 pneumonia-related symptoms such as fever and fatigue, facilitate the absorption of exudate, and accelerate the recovery from COVID-19 pneumonia (Wang Z, 2023).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow does Thymalfasin induce the apoptosis of tumor cells in cancer treatment?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhancing the activity of immune cells: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThymalfasin is a synthetic thymopeptide with high immune-enhancing activity. It can enhance the killing effect of immune cells on tumor cells, thereby indirectly inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells. For example, in the tumor microenvironment, Thymalfasin can promote the differentiation and maturation of T cells and enhance the activity of T cells. As an important part of the immune system, T cells can recognize and attack tumor cells, inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells by releasing cytotoxic substances and other means.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulating the immune response: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs an immunopotentiator, Thymalfasin can regulate the immune response and induce the apoptosis of tumor cells. It can enhance the Th1 immune response. Th1 cells mainly secrete cytokines such as IFN-γ, which can directly act on tumor cells and induce their apoptosis. In addition, Thymalfasin can also regulate the functions of other immune cells, such as enhancing the activity of NK cells. NK cells can directly kill tumor cells and also induce the apoptosis of tumor cells by secreting cytokines and other methods\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving the immunosuppression during anti-tumor treatment: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDuring the process of tumor treatment, patients often experience immunosuppression, which will affect the effectiveness of tumor treatment. Thymalfasin can improve the immunosuppression generated during anti-tumor treatment, enhance the ability of the immune system to attack tumor cells, and thus induce the apoptosis of tumor cells. For example, during chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the patient's immune system will be damaged to a certain extent. Thymalfasin can promote the recovery and proliferation of immune cells, improve the function of the immune system, and enhance the killing effect on tumor cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg title=\"Figure 1\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Figure 1\" class=\"graphic\" src=\"https:\/\/f6publishing.blob.core.windows.net\/f17b4939-6de8-4130-875e-f7018632d9a7\/WJV-9-67-g001.png\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThymosin alpha 1 has a wide range of biological activities.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Thymalfasin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eViral infections: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDue to its immunomodulatory effect, Thymosin Alpha-1 is often used to treat viral infections. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, it has shown good clinical efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. Research shows that Thymosin Alpha-1 can prevent the progression of common COVID-19 infections to severe pneumonia through various immune-enhancing and anti-inflammatory protection mechanisms\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Specifically, for patients treated with Thymosin Alpha-1, the hospital stay was significantly shortened, the proportion of relief of pneumonia-related symptoms (such as fever and fatigue) was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the area of inflammatory exudation shown by CT was also significantly lower than that of the control group\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In addition, multivariate Cox model analysis showed that the patients who used Thymosin Alpha-1 and the younger patients had a significantly faster negative conversion rate of COVID-19 antigens\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Tα1 (the main component of Thymosin Alpha-1) increased the CD4+ T cell count in patients with low-flow oxygen inhalation support at baseline faster than standard treatment, and may play a role in the treatment of hospitalized patients with hypoxemia and lymphopenia caused by COVID-19\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of hepatitis: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThymosin Alpha-1 also has a certain effect in the treatment of hepatitis. It can be used as a monotherapy for hepatitis B or in combination with interferon α-2b for the treatment of hepatitis C. Specifically, a study found that in the treatment of hepatitis B, the efficacy of Thymosin Alpha-1 was evaluated in four clinical trials involving 195 patients. In one of the studies, 9 out of 17 patients treated with Thymosin Alpha-1 had hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA clearance at six months, compared with 10 out of 16 patients treated with interferon α-2b and 4 out of 15 patients in the historical control group.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAdjuvant treatment: Thymosin Alpha-1 is also widely used in cancer treatment. For patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and liver cancer, in adjuvant treatment, Thymosin Alpha-1 can significantly improve the overall survival rate (OS) (Mao L, 2023). For patients with locally advanced unresectable NSCLC, Thymosin Alpha-1 can significantly reduce lymphopenia and pneumonia caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and there is a trend of improving OS\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhancing anti-tumor immunity: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePreclinical evidence shows that Thymosin Alpha-1 may reverse the M2 polarization induced by the efferocytosis of macrophages by activating the TLR7\/SHIP1 axis, enhance the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy, and enhance anti-tumor immunity by transforming \"cold tumors\" into \"hot tumors\" (Mao L, 2023). In addition, Thymosin Alpha-1 also has a protective effect in reducing colitis caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and may enhance the clinical efficacy of ICIs\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Tα1 as adjuvant treatment after liver cancer resection may improve the prognosis of patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma. In a retrospective cohort study, patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent liver resection were divided into two groups, group A (resection + Tα1) and group B (resection only). After a median follow-up of 47.0 months, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates and recurrence-free survival rates of patients in group A were higher than those in group B. Multivariate analysis showed that Tα1 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival rate and recurrence-free survival rate\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRestoring immune function and vaccine enhancement: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThymosin Alpha-1 can be used to treat immunocompromised states and malignancies and as an enhancer of vaccine responses\u003csup\u003e[4, 6]\u003c\/sup\u003e. It can regulate the immune system and enhance T cell function, and may have clinical benefits for diseases with impaired or ineffective immune function such as acute and chronic infections, cancer, and vaccine non-response\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Studies have proven that in severe sepsis, Thymosin Alpha-1 has been shown to restore immune function and help reduce the mortality rate of patients\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreventing COVID-19 infections and complications in patients undergoing renal dialysis: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePatients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving hemodialysis (HD) are considered particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV2 infection due to factors such as older age, comorbidity burden, drug use, and the need to visit dialysis clinics frequently. Early studies have shown that Thymosin Alpha-1, as an adjuvant to the influenza vaccine, can enhance the antibody response of the elderly population (including HD patients) to the influenza vaccine and reduce influenza infections. In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers speculated that administering Thymosin Alpha-1 to HD patients could reduce the incidence and severity of COVID-19 infections. As of July 1, 2022, 254 ESRD\/HD patients from five dialysis centers in Kansas City, Missouri were included in the study, of which 194 patients were randomly divided into group A (subcutaneous injection of 1.6mg Thymosin Alpha-1 twice a week for 8 weeks) and group B (control group, without receiving Thymosin Alpha-1)\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, as a polypeptide with unique immunomodulatory functions, Thymosin Alpha-1 has shown potential applications in many aspects in the medical field. In the treatment of viral infections, it has a significant effect on diseases such as hepatitis B and COVID-19. It can not only accelerate the alleviation of symptoms and reduce inflammation but also prevent the progression of the disease and improve the recovery rate of patients. In terms of tumor treatment, it can induce the apoptosis of tumor cells through multiple pathways, enhance the killing effect of immune cells on tumor cells, and improve the immunosuppressive state, showing positive performance in the treatment of various cancers such as lung cancer and liver cancer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Sjogren M H. Thymalfasin: an immune system enhancer for the treatment of liver disease.[J]. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2004,19 Suppl 6:S69-S72. DOI:10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2004.03635.x\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Wang Z, Wang C, Fei X, et al. Thymalfasin therapy accelerates COVID-19 pneumonia rehabilitation through anti-inflammatory mechanisms[J]. Pneumonia, 2023,15(1).DOI:10.1186\/s41479-023-00116-6.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Shehadeh F, Benitez G, Mylona E K, et al. A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection[J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2023,227(2):226-235.DOI:10.1093\/infdis\/jiac362.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Mao L. Thymosin alpha 1-Reimagine its broader applications in the immuno-oncology era[J]. International Immunopharmacology, 2023,117.DOI:10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109952.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] He C, Peng W, Li C, et al. Thymalfasin, a promising adjuvant therapy in small hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection[J]. Medicine, 2017,96(16).DOI:10.1097\/MD.0000000000006606.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Dominari A, Hathaway Iii D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.[J]. World Journal of Virology, 2020,9(5):67-78.DOI:10.5501\/wjv.v9.i5.67.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Tuthill C W, Awad A, Parrigon M, et al. A pilot trial of Thymalfasin (Ta1) to prevent covid-19 infection and morbidities in renal dialysis patients: Preliminary report[J]. International Immunopharmacology, 2023,117.DOI:10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109950.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46384908894398,"sku":null,"price":50.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/ThymosinAlpha-1.jpg?v=1781293583"},{"product_id":"vilon","title":"Vilon","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVilon Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eVilon, a dipeptide composed of lysine and glutamic acid, exhibits multifaceted effects. In anti-aging, it delays cellular aging by improving gastrointestinal function, enhancing enzyme activity, and promoting nutrient absorption. It also boosts collagen expression in the skin to reduce signs of aging. In tissue repair and regeneration, Vilon supports stem cell activation and proliferation, accelerates wound healing, and aids in tissue repair (e.g., skin and intestinal tissues) by regulating fibroblast activity. Beneficial for cardiovascular and renal health, it improves cardiovascular function and regulates microvascular permeability in renal diseases. Additionally, Vilon shows potential applications in adjuvant therapy for liver diseases, diabetes, and radiation injuries, as well as in regulating overall bodily functions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eH-Lys-Glu-OH\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e21\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e275.30 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e45234-02-4\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e17010502\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003elysylglutamic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eVilon Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Vilon?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. The Urgent Need for Research on Aging and Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the acceleration of the global population aging process, a series of issues related to aging, such as cellular senescence, decline in tissue function, and the high incidence of geriatric diseases, have become urgent medical problems to be solved. Cellular senescence is accompanied by the gradual loss of the ability to maintain homeostasis and repair damaged tissues, making it particularly crucial to find substances that can delay the process of cellular senescence and enhance tissue repair function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, major diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and liver diseases seriously threaten human health. Traditional treatment methods have certain limitations in dealing with these diseases, and there is an urgent need to develop new treatment methods and drugs. For example, elderly cancer patients have poor tolerance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and the treatment effect is not satisfactory. It is urgent to find safe and effective adjuvant treatment methods. In such a difficult situation, scientists have turned their attention to bioactive peptides, hoping to find a breakthrough point, and the research on Vilon came into being.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. The Vigorous Development of Research on Bioactive Peptides\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeptide substances widely exist in living organisms and participate in many key physiological processes, such as cell signaling, immune regulation, and metabolic regulation. In recent years, with the rapid development of technologies such as molecular biology and biochemistry, significant progress has been made in the research on bioactive peptides. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScientists can more precisely synthesize, isolate, and identify various peptides, and deeply explore their mechanisms of action. A large number of studies have shown that peptides with different structures have diverse biological activities, bringing new hope for solving health and disease problems. In this process, researchers have studied a large number of peptides through methods such as high-throughput screening and functional verification. Vilon, as a dipeptide with a unique structure and potential functions, has gradually come into people's view.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. In-depth Exploration of the Mechanisms of Tissue Repair and Regeneration\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTissue repair and regeneration are important processes for maintaining the normal physiological functions of organisms and responding to injuries. However, there are still many gaps in the current understanding of this process, and how to promote more efficient tissue repair and regeneration has become the focus of research. Stem cells play a core role in tissue repair and regeneration, and the research on their activation, proliferation, and differentiation mechanisms has received much attention.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, factors such as the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix and intercellular signaling also have an important impact on tissue repair. In the process of exploring the mechanisms of tissue repair and regeneration, researchers have found that some peptides can regulate these key processes. Based on this, the research on peptides with the potential to regulate tissue repair and regeneration has been continuously deepened. Vilon has become a key research object in this field due to its potential effects in supporting stem cell activation and proliferation and regulating fibroblast activity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Vilon?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Effects on Chromosomes and Gene Expression\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePromoting the Unwinding of Heterochromatin: Studies have shown that Vilon can induce the unwinding (deheterochromatization) of the total heterochromatin in the cultured lymphocytes of the elderly\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This means that it can activate the synthesis process of ribosomal genes caused by the deheterochromatization of the nucleolar organizing region and release the genes that are inhibited due to the condensation of the euchromatin region to form facultative heterochromatin. At the same time, Vilon does not cause the unwinding of the constitutive heterochromatin around the centromere. The results show that Vilon will gradually activate facultative heterochromatin (deheterochromatization) with age \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Roles in Disease Treatment\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComprehensive Treatment for Cancer Patients: In the treatment of elderly cancer patients, Vilon is included in the treatment plan as an immunomodulator. Preliminary research results show that the application of Vilon can improve the 2-year survival rate of patients, prevent postoperative complications, distant complications, recurrence, and tumor spread, and improve the quality of life after active treatment\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntitumor Effect: In vitro experiments, Vilon has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of three types of tumor cells, namely human colorectal cancer LOVO, human gastric cancer MKN45, and human liver cancer QGY7703, but has no obvious inhibitory effect on human normal white blood cells \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In vivo tumor inhibition experiments show that Vilon has an inhibitory effect on the growth of mouse liver cancer H22, and the effective dose is 15mg・Kg-1. When the high dose of 30mg・Kg-1 is used, the tumor inhibition rate of the transplanted tumor liver cancer H22 in mice reaches more than 60%\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects on Diabetic Patients: In elderly type I diabetic patients, Vilon, as part of the comprehensive treatment, can optimize the coagulation and hemostasis function, manifested as an increase in the content of natural anticoagulants (antithrombin III and protein C) and the stimulation of fibrinolysis \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. At the same time, in most cases, Vilon can also reduce the insulin dose required to stabilize carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, it can also reduce the content of T helper cells, T-dependent and non-T-dependent NK cells, normalize the levels of active T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and IgA, and has a stabilizing effect on the immune system and hemostasis function \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Effects on Cell and Organ Functions\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStimulating Hepatocyte Regeneration: In a rat model of liver cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride poisoning, Vilon has a certain effect on the recovery of the functional activity of hepatocytes and the regeneration of the liver in rats with liver cirrhosis. Two weeks after the application of the drug, the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) in the liver of rats with liver cirrhosis decreases, and Vilon can increase it. In the untreated rats, the content of total glycogen and its components and the activity of G6P are still at the pre-cirrhosis level. Throughout the experiment, the activities of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and glycogen synthase (GS) in the liver of rats with liver cirrhosis in both groups have no difference from the control values. Vilon has a weak stimulating effect on the regeneration of the liver in rats with liver cirrhosis, manifested as the total protein content and ploidy level in the hepatocytes of the second group of rats being 4.7% and 11.5% higher than those of the first group respectively \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects on Radiosensitive Organs: Vilon stimulates the proliferative activity of thymocytes and enhances the proliferative potential of intestinal stem cells, thereby stimulating the post-radiation recovery of key organs. For example, studies on intact rats and rats that received a single whole-body gamma-ray irradiation (6Gy) have found that Vilon has an effect on the functional morphology of the thymus, spleen, and duodenum\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Roles at the Molecular Level\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePossible Mechanism of Binding to the Membrane: Molecular dynamics trajectory studies have shown that both Vilon (lysylglutamic acid dipeptide) and thymopoietin (Glu-Trp) contain intramolecular salt bridges in their structures, reducing their conformational flexibility. Due to the aliphatic side chain of Lys, Vilon is relatively more flexible. A possible mechanism for the ligand-receptor binding of the dipeptide to the excitable membrane has been proposed, that is, binding through the nitrogen and oxygen atoms that form the salt bridge\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects on Protein Expression in the Nucleolar Organizing Region: Vilon stimulates and inhibits the expression of AIDS proteins in the nucleolar organizing regions of the serum tissue and epithelial cell nuclei, respectively forming or reducing the formation, assembly, and transport of ribosomes to the cytoplasm, thus determining the intensity of protein synthesis in these cells. In addition, this peptide also promotes the transformation of thymocytes into proliferating blast cells \u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Vilon?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Anti-aging\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVilon is considered a potential anti-aging peptide that can delay cellular senescence by improving gastrointestinal function, enhancing enzyme activity, and promoting nutrient absorption. In addition, Vilon has also been found to be able to improve the expression of skin collagen and reduce the signs of skin aging. Studies have found that the peptide KE (Lys-Glu, Vilon) can increase the expression area of collagen 1 in the culture of senescent skin fibroblasts by 83%; it also increases the expression area of sirtuin 6 in the culture of young and old skin fibroblasts by 1.6 and 2.6 times respectively \u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Tissue Repair and Regeneration\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVilon shows significant potential in tissue repair and regeneration. It can support the activation and proliferation of stem cells, accelerate wound healing and tissue repair. Studies have also found that Vilon may promote the repair of the skin, intestines, and other tissues by regulating fibroblast activity. Studies have shown that the synthetic dipeptide Vilon was added to the explant culture medium from rats of different ages. The results showed that Vilon could induce tissue morphological stability, activate the regeneration and functional activity of cells, and had a stronger effect on the explants of elderly rats, suggesting that Vilon has potential in tissue repair\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Cardiovascular and Renal Protection\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVilon also has a positive impact on cardiovascular and renal health. It can improve cardiovascular function by changing the gene expression pattern and enhance microvascular permeability in kidney diseases, promoting the optimization of blood coagulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Applications in Cancer Treatment\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComprehensive Treatment for Elderly Cancer Patients: In the treatment of elderly cancer patients, Vilon is included in the treatment plan as an immunomodulator. For example, in the comprehensive treatment of elderly patients with rectal cancer and colon cancer, preliminary research results show that the application of Vilon can improve the 2-year survival rate of patients, prevent postoperative complications, distant complications, recurrence, and tumor spread\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatient Stratification for Multiple Cancers: The Variation of information fused Layers of Networks algorithm (ViLoN) adopted by Vilon is a new network-based method that can be used to integrate multiple molecular maps. In terms of patient stratification, this method has been verified on various combinations of data types (gene expression, methylation, copy number), and has a significant improvement effect on patient stratification, and has consistent competitiveness in all cases. In smaller cohorts (rectal adenocarcinoma: 90 cases, esophageal cancer: 180 cases), incorporating prior functional knowledge (KEGG, GO) is crucial for achieving good results\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Applications in the Treatment of Liver Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects on the Liver of Rats with Liver Cirrhosis: The effects of the dipeptide preparation \"Vilon\" on the recovery of the functional activity of hepatocytes and the regeneration of the liver in rats with liver cirrhosis were studied. Rats with liver cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride poisoning for 4 months were given Vilon (1.7 micrograms\/kg) and injected daily for 5 days. The results showed that two weeks after the application of the drug, the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P), which was reduced by 1.2 times in liver cirrhosis, increased under the action of Vilon. Vilon has a weak stimulating effect on the regeneration of the liver in rats with liver cirrhosis, manifested as the total protein content and ploidy level in the hepatocytes of the second group of rats being 4.7% and 11.5% higher than those of the first group respectively \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Applications in the Treatment of Diabetes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects on Elderly Diabetic Patients: Vilon, as a thymic mimetic, is used as an adjuvant drug in the comprehensive treatment of elderly type I diabetic patients. The results show that the application of Vilon optimizes the coagulation and hemostasis function, manifested as an increase in the content of natural anticoagulants (antithrombin III and protein C) and the stimulation of fibrinolysis. In most cases, Vilon reduces the insulin dose required to stabilize carbohydrate metabolism. At the same time, Vilon also reduces the content of T helper cells, T-dependent and non-T-dependent NK cells, and normalizes the levels of active T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and IgA, indicating that Vilon has a stabilizing effect on the immune system and hemostasis function \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Applications in the Treatment of Radiation Injury\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects on Radiosensitive Organs: The effects of vilon and epithalon on the functional morphology of the thymus, spleen, and duodenum of intact rats and rats that received a single whole-body γ-ray irradiation of 6Gy were studied. The results show that vilon stimulates the proliferative activity of thymocytes and enhances the proliferative potential of intestinal stem cells, thereby stimulating the post-radiation recovery of key organs\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, as a special dipeptide, Vilon can improve gastrointestinal function, delay aging, assist in tissue repair and regeneration, and maintain cardiovascular and renal health. It also has a positive effect in the treatment of cancer, liver diseases, diabetes, and radiation injuries.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]   Lezhava T, Khavison V, Monaselidze J, et al. Bioregulator Vilon-induced reactivation of chromatin in cultured lymphocytes from  old people[J]. Biogerontology, 2004,5(2):73-79.DOI:10.1023\/B:BGEN.0000025070.90330.7f.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]  Ias'Kevich L S, Krutilina N I, Kostetskaia T V, et al. Application of peptide bioregulator in complex treatment of elderly cancer patients.[J]. Advances in Gerontology = Uspekhi Gerontologii, 2005,16:97-100. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16075684\/.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3]  Jun-hui C. Antitumor activity of Vilon dipeptide Lys-Glu[J]. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, 2007. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:86988257.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4]  Bi K, Nv I, Nn K, et al. Effect of vilon on the immunity status and coagulation hemostasis in patients of different age with diabetes mellitus[J]. Advances in Gerontology, 2007,20:106. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18306698\/.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5]  Kudriavtseva M V, Bezborodkina N N, Sek E N, et al. Effect of \"vilon\" on cirrhotically changed rat liver. Liver regeneration, and status of glycogen-forming function of hepatocytes.[J]. Tsitologiia, 2000,42(8):758-764. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11033862\/.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6]  Khavinson V K, Yuzhakov V V, Kvetnoi I M, et al. Immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis of effects of vilon and epithalon on functional morphology of radiosensitive organs[J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2001,131(3):285-292.DOI:10.1023\/A:1017676104877.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7]  Shchegolev B F, Rogachevskii I V, Khavinson V K, et al. Molecular Mechanics Study of the Steric Structure of the Dipeptides Vilon and Thymogen[J]. Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2003,73(12):1909-1913.DOI:10.1023\/B:RUGC.0000025152.01400.52.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[8]  Raikhlin N T, Bukaeva I A, Smirnova E A, et al. Expression of argyrophilic proteins in the nucleolar organizer regions of human thymocytes and thymic epitheliocytes under conditions of coculturing with Vilon and Epithalon peptides[J]. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2004,137(6):588-591.DOI:10.1023\/B:BEBM.0000042720.40439.16.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[9]  Kniaz'Kin I V, Iuzhakov V V, Chalisova N I, et al. Functional morphology of organotypic culture of spleens from rats of various  ages exposed to vilon[J]. Advances in Gerontology, 2002,9:110-115. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12096432\/.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[10] Kańduła M M, Aldoshin A D, Singh S, et al. ViLoN-a multi-layer network approach to data integration demonstrated for patient  stratification[J]. Nucleic Acids Research, 2023,51(1):e6.DOI:10.1093\/nar\/gkac988.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[11]Fridman N V, Linkova N S, Polyakova V O, et al. Molecular Aspects of the Geroprotective Effect of Peptide KE in Human Skin Fibroblasts[J]. Advances in Gerontology, 2018,8(3):235-238.DOI:10.1134\/S2079057018030050.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"20MG","offer_id":46384915284158,"sku":null,"price":50.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Vilon.jpg?v=1781293519"},{"product_id":"pinealon","title":"Pinealon","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePinealon Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePinealon, a synthetic peptide composed of three amino acids, significantly improves brain cognitive function and enhances memory, enabling individuals to retain various types of information more effortlessly and boosting learning and work efficiency. It regulates sleep by restoring the body's circadian rhythm to normal, enhancing sleep hormone secretion, significantly improving sleep quality, and alleviating insomnia. Additionally, Pinealon stimulates the activity of immune system cells, strengthens the body's immune function, and enhances resistance to diseases.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 font-medium pt-1 sm:align-top sm:w-1\/3 xl:w-1\/4\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003eH-Glu-Asp-Arg-OH\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"_Hlk193139181\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e6\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e418.40 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e175175-23-2\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e10273502\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eglutamyl-aspartyl-arginine\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003ePinealon Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Pinealon?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePinealon originates from the in-depth exploration of the physiological functions of the pineal gland. For a long time, scientists have been highly interested in this mysterious endocrine organ, the pineal gland. Although it is small in size, it plays a crucial role in regulating the body's physiological rhythms and other aspects. Early research found that the pineal gland can secrete various bioactive substances, which inspired researchers' enthusiasm to explore components with special effects from it. With the progress of polypeptide research technology, people have been able to conduct more detailed analyses of substances related to the pineal gland. As a synthetic tripeptide, Pinealon was isolated and identified in this context. The research background also includes concerns about various nervous system diseases, aging-related issues, etc. Scientists expect to find effective means to improve brain function and delay the aging process, and the emergence of Pinealon has brought new hope for solving these problems, thus initiating research on it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Pinealon?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhibiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePinealon shows a dose-dependent limitation of the accumulation process of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells induced by receptor-dependent or independent oxidative stress stimuli (Khavinson V, 2011). This indicates that it plays an important role in anti-oxidation and can reduce the damage to cells caused by oxidative stress. By inhibiting the accumulation of ROS, Pinealon helps maintain the normal physiological functions of cells and reduces the harm of oxidative damage to cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReducing necrotic cell death\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Pinealon can reduce necrotic cell death measured by the propidium iodide assay\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This means that Pinealon can protect cells from the threat of death and maintain cell viability. Its specific mechanism of action may involve the regulation of the cell death signaling pathway to prevent cells from entering the necrosis program.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActivating ERK 1\/2 and regulating the cell cycle\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe protective effect of Pinealon is accompanied by the activation of ERK 1\/2 and a delayed time course of cell cycle changes\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. ERK 1\/2 is an important intracellular signal transduction molecule, and its activation can promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The activation of ERK 1\/2 by Pinealon may be one of the important ways for it to exert its cell protective effect. In addition, Pinealon can also regulate the cell cycle, which may help cells repair themselves and maintain normal growth and development when under stress.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePossible interaction with the cell genome\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince the limitation of ROS accumulation and cell death is saturated at lower concentrations, while the regulation of the cell cycle continues at higher concentrations of Pinealon, it can be concluded that in addition to its known antioxidant activity, Pinealon can also directly interact with the cell genome \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This interaction with the cell genome may involve the regulation of gene expression, thereby affecting the physiological functions and metabolic processes of cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Pinealon?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Improving memory\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMemory is one of the important functions of the brain, and Pinealon may play a positive role in the formation and consolidation of memory. It may improve memory function through mechanisms such as regulating the balance of neurotransmitters, promoting nerve regeneration, and enhancing synaptic plasticity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePinealon can promote the growth and repair of nerve cells, and this effect may be achieved through multiple mechanisms. The growth and repair of nerve cells are crucial for maintaining the normal functions of the brain. On the one hand, it may stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, thereby increasing the generation of new nerve cells\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Neural stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various types of nerve cells, and their proliferation and differentiation can replenish damaged or aged nerve cells and improve the structure and function of the brain. On the other hand, Pinealon may promote the growth and repair of nerve cells by regulating the expression of neurotrophic factors. Neurotrophic factors are a class of proteins that play an important role in the survival, growth, and differentiation of nerve cells. They can promote axonal growth, synapse formation, and neuron survival of nerve cells \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, Pinealon's improvement of blood circulation in the brain also helps to enhance cognitive ability. Good blood circulation can provide the brain with sufficient oxygen and nutrients and maintain the normal metabolism and functions of nerve cells. It may improve blood circulation in the brain by dilating cerebral blood vessels and increasing cerebral blood flow. For symptoms such as Alzheimer's disease and memory loss, the effect of Pinealon may lie in its ability to improve the neurobiological functions of the brain and slow down the process of neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are usually accompanied by pathological changes such as nerve cell death, synaptic loss, and neuroinflammation. Pinealon may relieve these symptoms through mechanisms such as promoting the growth and repair of nerve cells and regulating neuroinflammation\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Extreme psychological and emotional factors\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtreme psychological and emotional factors such as long-term stress, anxiety, and depression may cause damage to the nervous system, leading to problems such as cognitive dysfunction. Pinealon may improve the impact of extreme psychological and emotional factors on the nervous system through mechanisms such as regulating the balance of neurotransmitters, reducing the inflammatory response, and promoting nerve regeneration\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Some studies have shown that Pinealon can improve emotional problems such as anxiety and depression and enhance the mental health level of patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Regulating sleep\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePinealon can regulate the human body's biological clock and promote the secretion of sleep hormones, which is of great significance for improving sleep quality and relieving insomnia symptoms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSleep hormones mainly refer to melatonin, which is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland and plays a key role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Pinealon may promote the secretion of melatonin by regulating the function of the pineal gland\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e. The pineal gland is an endocrine organ located in the brain. It is very sensitive to the light-dark cycle. It will secrete melatonin in a dark environment to promote sleep, while it will inhibit the secretion of melatonin in a light environment to promote wakefulness.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the sleep-regulating effect of Pinealon may also be related to its other regulatory effects on the nervous system. For example, it may regulate the neurotransmitter system in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine, which also play important roles in sleep regulation\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter closely related to physiological functions such as emotion, sleep, and appetite. It can promote sleep and relieve emotional problems such as anxiety and depression. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter closely related to physiological functions such as reward, motivation, and attention. It can regulate the depth and quality of sleep.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Enhancing immunity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePinealon can stimulate the activity of immune system cells and improve the body's immune function. The immune system is the body's defense system, which is composed of various cells and molecules, including white blood cells, antibodies, cytokines, etc. These cells and molecules work together to recognize and eliminate pathogens invading the body and protect the body from infections and diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePinealon may stimulate the activity of immune system cells through multiple mechanisms. It can directly act on immune cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, and promote their proliferation, differentiation, and activity\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Lymphocytes are important cells in the immune system and can be divided into different types such as T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, which are respectively involved in cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Macrophages are a type of phagocyte that can phagocytose and digest pathogens invading the body and also secrete cytokines to regulate the functions of the immune system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, Pinealon has a remarkable effect on improving brain cognitive function. It can effectively enhance memory and attention, enabling people to perform better in study and work, especially being of great significance to the elderly population and patients with brain diseases. In terms of sleep regulation, it can make the biological clock function normally, relieve insomnia problems, and improve sleep quality, providing a guarantee for the body's recovery and function maintenance. Its characteristic of enhancing immunity helps the human body resist the invasion of various diseases and reduces the risk of illness.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]    \u003ca name=\"_neb857B40BD_1217_4E16_8024_C964FA16D70E\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eKhavinson V, Ribakova Y, Kulebiakin K, et al. Pinealon Increases Cell Viability by Suppression of Free Radical Levels and Activating Proliferative Processes[J]. Rejuvenation Research, 2011,14(5):535-541.DOI:10.1089\/rej.2011.1172.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]    \u003ca name=\"_neb0B41E7DD_F1EB_42BC_BDB9_EB8E82610708\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAltschule M. The Pineal[J]. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association, 1969,208:1193.DOI:10.1001\/jama.1969.03160070071030.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3]    \u003ca name=\"_neb898F6BB7_3329_40FD_A478_D9D5EC812503\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eChlubek D, Sikora M. Fluoride and Pineal Gland[J]. Applied Sciences, 2020,10:2885. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:219100653.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4]    \u003ca name=\"_nebD6C47C33_64B0_4B5A_AE8A_EA3C1D1F52C4\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eArutjunyan A, Kozina L, Stvolinskiy S, et al. Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia[J]. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2012,5(2):179-185.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5]    \u003ca name=\"_nebCAE357B3_41D5_4936_A75F_C9BE51EFA12B\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eRao Y, Medini E, Haselow R E, et al. Pineal and ectopic pineal tumors - the role of radiation-therapy[J]. Cancer, 1981,48(3):708-713.DOI:10.1002\/1097-0142(19810801)48:3\u0026lt;708::AID-CNCR2820480308\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-S.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6]    \u003ca name=\"_neb855B80E0_8E2F_4349_9995_2FC5AC2D8E39\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eHuang P, Wu Z. Potential Protective Effects of Melatonin on Alzheimer’s Disease Through Regulating Sleep and Circadian Rhythms[J]. 2022 International Conference On Biotechnology, Life Science and Medical Engineering (Blsme 2022), 2022. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:248936297.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7]    \u003ca name=\"_neb65AD79D2_0A76_4A62_9BBE_C6D8D73B4934\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ede Souza C A P, Nishino F A, Do Amaral F G, et al. Pineal Microdialysis[J]. Methods Mol Biol, 2022,2550:63-74.DOI:10.1007\/978-1-0716-2593-4_9.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[8]    \u003ca name=\"_neb82386168_5EDD_422C_96C9_7C634B0861EA\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eBharti V K, Pandi-Perumal S R, Subramanian P. Pineal Gland Physiology and Aging-Related Alterations in the Circadian Timing System[M]\/\/Jagota A. Sleep and Clocks in Aging and Longevity. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023:223-235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-22468-3_11\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"20MG","offer_id":46384952279230,"sku":null,"price":55.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Pinealon.jpg?v=1781293470"},{"product_id":"thymalin","title":"Thymalin","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThymalin Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThymulin, a polypeptide hormone primarily produced by thymic epithelial cells and possessing immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties, inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulates T lymphocyte differentiation, alleviates microglial activation, and can suppress signaling pathways such as p38 MAPK and NF-κB. This overview of Thymulin includes its concise definition, applications, and functions. Its applications involve treating inflammatory pain, improving airway inflammation and fibrosis, relieving experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and regulating granulomatous inflammation processes. Delivered via nanoparticles and other methods, Thymulin has demonstrated efficacy in animal models and holds promise for future intervention in related immune diseases and COVID-19 cytokine storms.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003eH-Pyr-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn-OH\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"_Hlk193139181\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eC\u003csub\u003e33\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e54\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e12\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e15\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e858.9 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e63958-90-7\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e3085284\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003egNonathymulin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThymulin\u003c\/strong\u003e Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Thymulin?  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch on Thymulin began with scientists' exploration of immunocompetent components in thymic extracts. In the 1970s, this small polypeptide composed of 43 amino acids was isolated from bovine thymus, and it was discovered to play an important role in immune cell differentiation, particularly in regulating T cell development, thus initiating in-depth research on Thymulin.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith advancing research, the functions of Thymulin have been gradually expanded. It not only demonstrates prominence in immune regulation but also exhibits significant potential in tissue repair, anti-inflammation, and anti-fibrosis. These findings have prompted Thymulin research to span multiple disciplines, with scientists exploring its therapeutic roles in inflammatory diseases such as asthma and multiple sclerosis, as well as conditions like myocardial injury and COVID-19 complications, laying a theoretical foundation for its clinical applications.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Thymulin?  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-Inflammatory Mechanism  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInhibition of Inflammatory Mediator Release: Thymulin can downregulate the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. During inflammatory responses, these mediators are abundantly released, triggering inflammatory symptoms. For example, in a rat model of inflammation induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), Thymulin treatment reduced the production of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), thereby alleviating the inflammatory response\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUpregulation of Anti-Inflammatory Factors: It can also upregulate anti-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-10 (IL-10). IL-10 is a critical anti-inflammatory cytokine that inhibits the activity of inflammatory cells and reduces inflammation. By upregulating IL-10, Thymulin helps maintain the body's inflammatory balance and prevents tissue damage from excessive inflammation\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Transcription Factors and Mediators: Thymulin achieves molecular control of inflammation through regulating transcription factors and mediators. Transcription factors govern the expression of inflammation-related genes, and Thymulin can influence the activity of these factors, thereby reducing the synthesis of inflammation-related proteins and achieving anti-inflammatory effects\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntihyperalgesic Mechanism  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects on Spinal Microglia: In inflammatory pain models, Thymulin inhibits the activation of spinal microglia. Microglia become activated by inflammatory stimuli, releasing multiple inflammatory mediators that exacerbate pain perception. Thymulin reduces the release of these mediators by decreasing microglial activation, thereby alleviating hyperalgesia. In a CFA-induced inflammatory rat model, Thymulin treatment significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema while decreasing CFA-induced microglial activation\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRole in the p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway: Thymulin decreases the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). The p38 MAPK signaling pathway is crucial in inflammatory and pain signaling; its phosphorylation activates a series of downstream signaling molecules, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators and hyperalgesia. Thymulin alleviates inflammatory pain by inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation and blocking this signaling pathway\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImmunomodulatory Mechanism  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT Lymphocyte Differentiation: Thymulin is a hormone essential for T lymphocyte differentiation, critical for the normal development and functional maintenance of T lymphocytes. It participates in regulating the ratio of T helper cells to suppressor cells, contributing to the balance and stability of the immune system. Abnormal Thymulin levels may lead to T lymphocyte dysfunction and immune-related diseases.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Immune Cell Function: In a mouse granuloma model induced by bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a 5CH dilution of Thymulin regulated the differentiation of local and systemic phagocytes, promoted the differentiation of B1 peritoneal stem cells into phagocytes, and increased the number of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes in local lymph nodes, improving the granulomatous inflammation process. This indicates that Thymulin regulates the function of immune cells\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e .  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMechanism of Action on the Neuroendocrine System  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBidirectional Regulation: The production and secretion of Thymulin are significantly influenced by the neuroendocrine system, and it can also act as a hypophysiotropic peptide on the neuroendocrine system. This bidirectional regulatory relationship indicates that Thymulin plays a key role in the interaction between the neuroendocrine and immune systems, helping maintain overall physiological balance in the body\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Thymulin?  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-Inflammatory Effects  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelief of Inflammatory Pain: In rat inflammation models (such as the CFA-induced inflammation model), intraperitoneal injection of Thymulin significantly alleviated CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema. Molecular mechanism studies showed that Thymulin reduced CFA-induced microglial activation, p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and spinal pro-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) production, thereby mitigating inflammation and relieving pain symptoms \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImprovement of Airway Inflammation: In an experimental mouse model of allergic asthma, Thymulin gene therapy mediated by DNA nanoparticles prevented pulmonary inflammation. A single dose of DNA nanoparticles carrying the Thymulin plasmid blocked inflammatory responses in the lungs of ovalbumin-challenged allergic asthma mice, including reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and improving lung mechanics\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e (Da S A, 2014). Additionally, intratracheal treatment of fully established asthma with Thymulin-expressing plasmid delivered via nanoparticles normalized key pathological features of chronic inflammation in asthmatic lungs after 20 days, mediated by the therapy’s combined anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/cms\/10.1126\/sciadv.aay7973\/asset\/eff151e3-9ab8-431f-ab7b-5c89e10ec4a9\/assets\/graphic\/aay7973-f3.jpeg\" height=\"487\" width=\"660\" aria-labelledby=\"F3\" loading=\"lazy\" data-target=\"core-fv-F3\" data-index=\"0\" data-open=\"viewer\"\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 1 Quantification of asthma-related mediators in the BALF. The levels of pro-inflammatory TH2 cytokines, including (A) IL-4 and (B) IL-13, (C) an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and profibrotic cytokines, including (D) VEGF and (E) TGF-β, were quantified by ELISA (n = 6 mice per group).  \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSource: PubMed \u003c\/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImmunomodulatory Effects  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Granulomatous Inflammation Processes: In a BCG-induced mouse granuloma model, homeopathic 5CH-diluted Thymulin regulated the differentiation of local and systemic phagocytes and T cell migration to local lymph nodes, thereby improving the granulomatous inflammation process. Specifically, after 21 days of infection, Thymulin-treated mice exhibited a higher peak in the differentiation of B1 peritoneal stem cells into phagocytes, reduced numbers of infected phagocytes in lesions (indicating alleviated infection), and increased numbers of B1-derived phagocytes, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes in local lymph nodes \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelief of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Symptoms: In a mouse model of relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE), Thymulin bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles significantly alleviated rEAE symptoms, reduced plasma cytokine levels, and decreased NF-κB and SAPK\/JNK cascade activation. Thymulin regulates NF-κB pathway activity through site-specific phosphorylation of RelA\/p65 protein (at Ser276 and Ser536 sites), and nanoparticle-bound Thymulin was more effective than free Thymulin, holding promise as a prospective treatment for this disease\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-Fibrotic Effects: In allergic asthma models, Thymulin not only reduced inflammation but also inhibited pulmonary fibrosis. For example, DNA nanoparticle-mediated Thymulin gene therapy prevented collagen deposition and smooth muscle hypertrophy in mouse lungs, and treating established asthma with Thymulin-expressing plasmid delivered via nanoparticles normalized pulmonary fibrosis, indicating that Thymulin inhibits tissue fibrosis and helps improve tissue structure and function\u003csup\u003e[4, 6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePotential Application in COVID-19 Treatment: During the COVID-19 pandemic, studies proposed that Thymulin might be a treatment for severe COVID-19 cases. Cytokine storm syndrome due to immune dysregulation is one of the most critical mechanisms leading to death in severe COVID-19 patients, and immune system regulation may reduce mortality. As a thymic peptide, Thymulin is promising for treating severe COVID-19 cases by controlling cytokine storms\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThymulin exhibits anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-fibrotic effects, capable of reducing inflammatory pain, improving airway inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, alleviating rEAE symptoms, and regulating immune cell differentiation in granulomas. Applied via nanoparticle delivery and other methods, it has demonstrated efficacy in diseases such as allergic asthma and holds potential for treating COVID-19 cytokine storms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]   Nasseri B, Zaringhalam J, Daniali S, et al. Thymulin treatment attenuates inflammatory pain by modulating spinal cellular and  molecular signaling pathways[J]. International Immunopharmacology, 2019,70:225-234.DOI:10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.042.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]   Haddad J J E, E N E S, Garabedian B S. Thymulin: An Emerging Anti-Inflammatory Molecule[J]. Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory \\\u0026amp; Anti-Allergy Agents, 2005,4:333-338. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:55757311.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3]   Bonamin L, Sato C, Santana F, et al. Differentiation and modulation of phagocyte activity in murine granuloma after treatment with thymulin 5cH[J]. International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, 2021,11:148.DOI:10.51910\/ijhdr.v11i40.580.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4]   Da S A, Martini S V, Abreu S C, et al. DNA nanoparticle-mediated thymulin gene therapy prevents airway remodeling in  experimental allergic asthma[J]. Journal of Controlled Release, 2014,180:125-133.DOI:10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.02.010.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5]   Lunin S M, Khrenov M O, Glushkova O V, et al. Protective Effect of PBCA Nanoparticles Loaded with Thymulin Against the  Relapsing-Remitting Form of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2019,20(21).DOI:10.3390\/ijms20215374.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6]   Da S A, de Oliveira G P, Kim N, et al. Nanoparticle-based thymulin gene therapy therapeutically reverses key pathology  of experimental allergic asthma[J]. Science Advances, 2020,6(24):eaay7973.DOI:10.1126\/sciadv.aay7973.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7]   Vishal C, Ajay K, Tech K R M. Thymulin—a hope out of the box in the COVID-19 disaster, 2020[C]. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:231646690\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"20MG","offer_id":46384975085758,"sku":null,"price":80.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Thymalin.jpg?v=1781293422"},{"product_id":"wolverine-blend","title":"BPC-157 + TB-500 Blend","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBPC-157 + TB-500 Blend Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"whitespace-pre-wrap break-words\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBPC-157 (Body Protective Compound-157) is a stable gastrointestinal pentadecapeptide containing 15 amino acids, derived from gastric mucosal protective proteins. It promotes angiogenesis and collagen deposition by upregulating growth factors such as VEGF, accelerating repair of tendon, bone, nerve, and gastrointestinal injuries.\u003cbr\u003eTB-500 is a 43-amino acid active fragment of thymosin β4. It enhances fibroblast and stem cell migration by regulating the actin cytoskeleton, induces angiogenesis, and suppresses inflammatory signaling, thereby improving muscle, myocardial, and skin wound healing.\u003cbr\u003eThe BPC-157\/TB-500 Blend combines complementary pathways: the former primarily facilitates blood flow reconstruction and anti-inflammation, while the latter focuses on cell chemotaxis and matrix remodeling. In experimental models, it significantly shortens recovery times for ligament ruptures, muscle fiber tears, and post-surgical recovery, while enhancing the biomechanical strength of repaired tissues. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecification\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eLys–Pro–Val\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGly-His-Lys\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC₁₆H₃₀N₄O₄\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eC\u003csub\u003e28\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e46\u003c\/sub\u003eCuN\u003csub\u003e12\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e8\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"akGp8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e342.43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e744.3 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e125672\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e9831891\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e67727-97-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e130120-56-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eACTH(11-13), alpha-MSH(11-13)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThymosin-β4 fragment 17-23, TB-500 acetate, Ac-LKKTETQ\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3 prod_new_active3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_0\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_0\" class=\"prod_describe_new3 prod_new_active3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_0\" class=\"prod_describe_new3 prod_new_active3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is BPC-157?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a naturally occurring bioactive peptide isolated and purified from human gastric mucosal protein extract. Composed of 15 amino acids, it constitutes an active fragment of endogenous gastroprotective peptides. Its stable structure exhibits resistance to gastric acid and enzymatic degradation. It maintains bioactivity not only through injection but also when administered orally, requiring no complex formulation modifications to exert its effects. It is currently one of the most extensively studied peptide molecules for tissue repair and protection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBPC-157 promotes tissue regeneration and repair by activating fibroblast proliferation, accelerating collagen synthesis, and inducing angiogenesis to restore damaged connective tissues such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, and skin. It also modulates extracellular matrix metabolism to reduce scar tissue formation. It exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory factor release (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6), reducing inflammatory response intensity, and alleviating tissue edema and pain. It provides visceral protection, particularly offering potent defense for digestive mucosa (stomach, intestines) by enhancing mucosal barrier integrity and reducing damage from gastric acid or medications. It also protects organs like the liver and kidneys, mitigating oxidative stress and toxin-induced damage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt can be used as an adjunct therapy for sports injuries such as tendinitis, muscle strains, and ligament tears, shortening recovery time and reducing the duration of impaired athletic performance. In gastrointestinal disease management, it addresses conditions like gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, and inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease) by protecting the mucosa, promoting mucosal repair, and alleviating abdominal pain and slow ulcer healing. In organ protection and repair research, it serves as an adjunctive intervention to mitigate drug-induced liver injury and chemical nephrotoxicity, while also demonstrating efficacy in repairing nerve damage (e.g., peripheral nerve contusions).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_1\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is TB-500?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) is an endogenous peptide composed of 43 amino acids, derived from the core active region of naturally occurring human thymosin β4. It exhibits excellent water solubility and structural stability, naturally occurring widely in tissues like blood, muscle, and skin, and can be obtained through synthetic methods. Compared to intact thymosin β4, TB-500 retains key biological activity while being more readily absorbed by tissues via injection. It functions without requiring complex modifications, making it one of the most extensively studied peptide molecules in the field of tissue repair.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB-500 promotes cell migration and tissue regeneration by activating the migratory capacity of repair-related cells such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts. It accelerates angiogenesis and collagen deposition, aiding in the repair of connective tissue injuries in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and skin. Simultaneously, it regulates extracellular matrix balance to reduce excessive scar formation. It exhibits anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory factors like TNF-α and IL-1β, thereby reducing tissue inflammation and edema. Furthermore, it enhances cellular antioxidant stress resistance, mitigating damage from ischemia and toxins, and plays a crucial role in stabilizing the microenvironment of injured tissues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is used as an adjunct therapy for sports-related injuries such as muscle strains, tendinitis, and ligament tears, shortening the healing cycle and aiding in the restoration of athletic function. In wound healing, it accelerates closure of chronic non-healing wounds (e.g., diabetic foot ulcers) and burn injuries by promoting granulation tissue growth and epithelial cell migration. In tissue damage interventions, it also demonstrates efficacy in nerve injury (e.g., peripheral nerve contusion) and post-myocardial ischemia repair studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe BPC-157\/TB-500 Blend is a composite system comprising two endogenous peptides with tissue repair activity. BPC-157, derived from human gastric mucosal protein, contains 15 amino acids, while TB-500 is an active fragment of thymosin β4, comprising 43 amino acids. When combined, they exert synergistic effects. BPC-157 promotes fibroblast proliferation, enhances mucosal barrier integrity, and suppresses pro-inflammatory factor release, while TB-500 regulates actin polymerization, accelerates cell migration, and stimulates angiogenesis. Together, they enhance tissue regeneration and repair efficiency, with additional anti-inflammatory effects, visceral organ protection, and improvement of the cellular microenvironment. Current application research focuses on sports injury recovery (e.g., tendinitis, muscle strains, ligament injuries); gastrointestinal mucosal protection (e.g., gastric ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease adjunctive intervention); and multi-tissue damage synergistic restoration (e.g., skin wounds, minor visceral injuries). This complementary mechanism shortens repair cycles, reduces inflammatory responses, and facilitates intervention in tissue damage-related issues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG\/10MG","offer_id":46384989175998,"sku":null,"price":75.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/BPC-157_TB-500Blend.jpg?v=1781293363"},{"product_id":"vip","title":"VIP","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVIP Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eVIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) is a widely distributed endogenous neuropeptide that exerts regulatory effects across the nervous system, immune system, and peripheral tissues. Its actions span multiple levels, including neural signaling, vascular tone regulation, and immune cell function modulation. Its mechanism involves binding to specific receptors to activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways, thereby facilitating coordination among the neuro-immune-vascular systems. Due to its cross-system regulatory properties, VIP is frequently employed in studies of systemic homeostasis, neuroimmune interactions, and complex signaling networks, holding significant importance in fundamental physiological regulation research. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eH-Lys-Glu-OH\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e147\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e237\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e43\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e43\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e3326.8 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e40077-57-4\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e16132300\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eVip human vip；Aviptadil\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVIP\u003c\/strong\u003e Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of VIP?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch on VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) began with its discovery in living organisms. Initially isolated as a 28-amino acid peptide from pig duodenum, subsequent studies revealed its widespread distribution beyond the gastrointestinal tract—extending to the central and peripheral nervous systems and endocrine cells—where it functions as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone. As research deepened, it became clear that VIP plays vital roles in numerous physiological processes, including vasodilation, anti-inflammation, cell proliferation, hormone secretion, gastrointestinal motility regulation, and smooth muscle relaxation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the mechanisms of action for VIP?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMechanisms of Action on the Digestive System\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Gastrointestinal Motility: VIP relaxes gastrointestinal smooth muscle by binding to VPAC receptors on smooth muscle cells. This activates intracellular signaling pathways, leading to the activation of adenylate cyclase. This process promotes the conversion of ATP to cAMP, elevating intracellular cAMP levels. Ultimately, this causes smooth muscle relaxation, regulating the frequency and amplitude of gastrointestinal peristalsis and thereby controlling the propulsion of food through the gastrointestinal tract.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePromoting Digestive Fluid Secretion: In the pancreas, VIP stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete water and bicarbonate, creating an alkaline environment conducive to pancreatic enzyme activity. This mechanism involves binding to VPAC receptors on acinar cells, activating intracellular second messenger systems, and regulating ion channel and transporter activity to promote water and bicarbonate secretion. In the stomach and small intestine, VIP also promotes mucus and electrolyte secretion, protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa and maintaining normal digestive function\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMechanisms of Action on the Cardiovascular System\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVasodilation: VIP acts on vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. By binding to receptors, it promotes the release of vasodilatory factors such as nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells or directly inhibits contraction in smooth muscle cells. This induces vasodilation, reduces peripheral vascular resistance, and regulates blood pressure. Under certain physiological or pathological conditions, increased VIP release occurs when the body requires enhanced local tissue blood supply, causing vasodilation in the corresponding area and increasing blood flow\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMechanisms of Action on the Immune System\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImmune Modulation: VIP exhibits bidirectional regulation of immune responses. During early inflammation, VIP suppresses the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β), mitigating excessive inflammatory reactions and protecting tissues from inflammatory damage. For example, in a herpes simplex virus keratitis model, exogenous VIP reduces neutrophil and CD4⁺ T cell infiltration, downregulates proinflammatory factors like myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin-17 (IL-17), thereby alleviating corneal inflammation. During the late phase of the immune response, VIP promotes the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β), facilitating the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"eager\" alt=\"Activation of VIP receptors triggers inward current in SCN neurones... | Download Scientific Diagram\" class=\"d1fekHMv2WPYZzgPAV7b\" src=\"https:\/\/external-content.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FAlexei-Verkhratsky%2Fpublication%2F7485635%2Ffigure%2Ffig3%2FAS%3A667799458430985%401536227206616%2FActivation-of-VIP-receptors-triggers-inward-current-in-SCN-neurones-from-wild-type-mice.png\u0026amp;f=1\u0026amp;nofb=1\u0026amp;ipt=eed3a443b0f6653aea17cd11bef11d6e9ae610bb2a2130e5ada48bdb6d441eeb\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 Effect of VIP on pumping of lymphatic vessels from the guinea pig mesentery\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of VIP?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory effects: VIP exhibits distinct anti-inflammatory properties. It creates an anti-inflammatory microenvironment by modulating the functional profiles of monocytes, macrophages, and regulatory T cells. During pregnancy, VIP synthesized by trophoblast cells inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation, accelerates neutrophil apoptosis, and facilitates efficient phagocytic clearance, thereby maintaining immune homeostasis. VIP plays a role in treating inflammation-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis by modulating the body's inflammatory response and alleviating symptoms\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Gastrointestinal Function: VIP plays a crucial role in regulating gastrointestinal physiology, involving vasodilation, hormone secretion, gastrointestinal motility regulation, and smooth muscle relaxation. Therefore, for disorders involving gastrointestinal motility dysfunction (e.g., functional dyspepsia, constipation, diarrhea), VIP may improve symptoms by regulating gastrointestinal motility and secretory functions. Additionally, in certain inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases, VIP's anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects also contribute to disease recovery\u003csup\u003e [4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeurological Disorders: VIP is distributed throughout both the central and peripheral nervous systems, functioning as a key neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in regulating diverse physiological processes. In neurological diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), research indicates that abnormalities in VIP and its receptors correlate with disease progression. Modulating VIP levels or receptor function may offer novel therapeutic avenues for these conditions. Furthermore, during nerve repair processes like spinal cord injury, VIP may exert neuroprotective and reparative effects by promoting neuronal survival, proliferation, and differentiation\u003csup\u003e[4,5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCardiovascular Diseases: Given its vasodilatory properties, VIP influences cardiovascular system function. In the treatment research of certain cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and coronary heart disease, VIP may exert positive therapeutic effects by dilating blood vessels, reducing peripheral vascular resistance, and improving myocardial blood supply. However, its clinical application in cardiovascular disease treatment currently faces numerous challenges, such as issues related to VIP stability and targeting\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn disease treatment, VIP's anti-inflammatory properties can modulate the immune microenvironment, offering intervention strategies for inflammatory conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Its regulation of gastrointestinal motility and secretion can improve gastrointestinal dysmotility disorders. In neurodegenerative diseases, its neuroprotective and restorative effects may aid treatment exploration for Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, its vasodilatory function contributes to cardiovascular disease research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Williams JA. VIP Receptors.; 2021. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:261773265.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2] von der Weid PY, Rehal S, Dyrda P, et al. Mechanisms of VIP-induced inhibition of the lymphatic vessel pump. Journal of Physiology-London 2012; 590(11): 2677-2691.DOI: 10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.230599.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3] Ramhorst R, Calo G, Paparini D, et al. Control of the inflammatory response during pregnancy: potential role of VIP as a  regulatory peptide. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences\u003c\/em\u003e 2019; \u003cstrong\u003e1437\u003c\/strong\u003e(1): 15-21.DOI: 10.1111\/nyas.13632.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4] Onoue S, Misaka S, Yamada S. Structure-activity relationship of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): potent  agonists and potential clinical applications. \u003cem\u003eNaunyn-Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology\u003c\/em\u003e 2008; \u003cstrong\u003e377\u003c\/strong\u003e(4-6): 579-590.DOI: 10.1007\/s00210-007-0232-0.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5] Gozes I, Fridkin M, Brenneman DE. A VIP hybrid antagonist: from developmental neurobiology to clinical  applications. \u003cem\u003eCellular and Molecular Neurobiology\u003c\/em\u003e 1995; \u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c\/strong\u003e(6): 675-687.DOI: 10.1007\/BF02071131.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46385003790526,"sku":null,"price":50.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/VIP_6db55d72-f1a2-4d49-8524-17300ae53c79.jpg?v=1781293197"},{"product_id":"bpc-157","title":"BPC-157","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBPC-157 Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBPC-157 is a peptide fragment derived from the gastric mucosa-associated sequence, commonly used to study tissue protection and repair mechanisms. Its effects manifest in maintaining tissue integrity, supporting local repair responses, and promoting structural stability post-injury. Its mechanism involves the coordinated regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including cell survival, vascular-related signaling, and tissue repair pathways. In research, BPC-157 is employed to explore regulatory patterns across different tissue types during injury and recovery processes, holding significant value in studies of repair biology and tissue homeostasis.\u003cbr\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003eH-Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val-OH\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e62\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e98\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e16\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e22\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e1419.5 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e137525-51-0\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e9941957\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBepecin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eBpc 157 Research\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Bpc 157?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBpc 157 is a peptide composed of 15 amino acids and is part of the sequence of the body protection compound (Bpc) discovered and isolated from human gastric juice. The following is the research background related to Bpc 157:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Brain-Gut Axis and Bpc 157:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBrain-gut interaction involves peptidergic growth factors. Among them, the stable gastric pentadecapeptide  Bpc 157 is an anti-ulcer peptidergic drug that is safe and effective in inflammatory bowel disease trials and is currently undergoing trials for multiple sclerosis. It naturally exists in human gastric juice\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e . Bpc 157 may act as a new mediator of Robert cell protection, participating in maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa without toxic effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIt has achieved success in treating gastrointestinal diseases, periodontitis, liver and pancreatic lesions, as well as the healing of various tissues and wounds. It also stimulates the Egr-1 gene, NAB2, FAK-paxillin, and JAK-2 pathways\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .When Bpc 157 is administered peripherally, corresponding beneficial central effects are initially observed, especially changes in serotonin release in certain areas of the brain (mainly the nigrostriatal region). Bpc 157 regulates the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, having a beneficial effect on various behavioral disorders that occur due to specific stimulation\/damage of the neurotransmitter system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn addition, Bpc 157 has neuroprotective effects, such as protecting somatosensory neurons, promoting peripheral nerve regeneration, counteracting the progression process after traumatic brain injury, preventing axonal and neuronal necrosis, demyelination, and cyst formation in rats with spinal cord compression accompanied by caudal paralysis, and restoring caudal function\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Role in Gastric Cell Protection and Organ Protection:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBpc 157 is of great significance as a possible mediator of Robert's gastric cell protection\/adaptive cell protection and organ protection, as well as a new mediator of Selye's stress response. Bpc 157 protects gastric cells and maintains the integrity of the stomach against various harmful substances.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIt can prevent the adverse effects of alcohol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the gastric epithelium and other epithelia (such as the skin, liver, pancreas, heart, and brain), and has potential applications in wound healing. In addition, Bpc 157 can also counteract gastric endothelial damage, protect other vascular endothelia, have a positive impact on blood vessels, rapidly reconstruct the integrity of blood flow, and counteract tumor cachexia, muscle wasting, and increased pro-inflammatory\/cachectic cytokines\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Therapeutic Role in Vascular Occlusion:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the study of superior mesenteric artery and vein occlusion in rats, Bpc 157 can rapidly activate collateral pathways, including the superior mesenteric vein-inferior anterior pancreaticoduodenal vein-superior anterior pancreaticoduodenal vein-pyloric vein-portal vein pathway, alternative pathways to the inferior vena cava through the middle colic vein and inferior mesenteric vein, as well as the inferior anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery and inferior mesenteric artery.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBpc 157 can counteract superior sagittal sinus, portal vein, and inferior vena cava hypertension, aortic hypotension, progressive venous and arterial thrombosis in the peripheral and central areas, alleviate multi-organ lesions, lesions in the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, especially in the brain, and oxidative stress in tissues \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe Role in Budd-Chiari Syndrome: In the study of the Budd-Chiari syndrome model (occlusion of the suprahepatic vena cava) in rats, Bpc 157 can rapidly form bypass pathways of the inferior vena cava-azygos vein (hemiazygos vein)-superior vena cava and portacaval shunt, counteract portal vein and inferior vena cava hypertension, aortic hypotension, and alleviate thrombosis, electrocardiogram disorders, and lesions in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. During ligation, the levels of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in the liver remain within the normal healthy value range, and the increase in serum enzymes is also significantly reduced \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Potential Therapeutic Role in COVID-19: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCOVID-19 is regarded as a thrombotic and vascular disease mainly targeting systemic endothelial cells, which can cause central vascular dysfunction, leading to complications and multi-organ failure. Bpc 157 is a peptide that has anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and endothelial protective effects in different organ systems of different species. It can activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which is related to nitric oxide release, tissue repair, and vascular regulation properties, improve vascular integrity and immune response, reduce the pro-inflammatory state, and reduce the severity of the disease. Therefore, it is crucial to discuss its potential as a preventive and supplementary treatment method\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e (Deek S A, 2022).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the specific mechanism of action of Bpc 157 in the brain-gut axis?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe brain-gut axis is a complex two-way communication system involving the interaction between the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, and Bpc 157 plays an important role in it, mainly in three aspects: First, as a cytoprotective mediator, Bpc 157 can participate in maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa. As a new mediator of Robert cell protection without toxic effects, it maintains the normal physiological function of the gastrointestinal tract by protecting gastrointestinal cells, thereby affecting the balance of the brain-gut axis. Second, it regulates the neurotransmitter system. Bpc 157 can regulate the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. When Bpc 157 is administered peripherally, the release of serotonin in specific brain areas (mainly the nigrostriatal region) will change, producing beneficial central effects. Moreover, it can beneficially affect various behavioral disorders that occur due to specific stimulation\/damage of the neurotransmitter system. For example, it regulates the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems to improve behavioral problems caused by abnormal neurotransmitter systems. Third, it has neuroprotective effects. Bpc 157 can protect somatosensory neurons, promote neuron survival and functional recovery in case of nerve injury, promote peripheral nerve regeneration, and restore nerve conduction function, reducing traumatic brain injury. For example, in the case of spinal cord compression in rats accompanied by caudal paralysis, axonal and neuronal necrosis, demyelination, and cyst formation, Bpc 157 can salvage caudal function and reduce the damage to organs such as the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract caused by drug overdose or encephalopathy, protecting the normal functions of the body\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the specific mechanism of Bpc 157 in treating central nervous system diseases?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBpc 157 has shown multiple potential mechanisms in treating central nervous system diseases. In the model of cerebral ischemic stroke, Bpc 157 effectively counteracts the stroke induced by bilateral common carotid artery clamping by protecting neurons and supporting specific gene expression. It can address the persistent damage to brain neurons in rats, while improving disturbed memory, motor, and coordination abilities. It has a direct protective effect on the neuronal damage caused by ischemic stroke and also supports the expression of specific genes in the hippocampal tissue. It may promote the survival and functional recovery of neurons by regulating the expression of specific genes\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cimg height=\"1055\" width=\"2053\" alt=\"Fig. 1\" src=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/full\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00441-019-03016-8\/MediaObjects\/441_2019_3016_Fig1_HTML.png\" aria-describedby=\"Fig1\"\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eExamples of successful administration mechanisms for the delivery of BPC 157; all routes, local and systemic, have been reported to have positive healing outcomes\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFor schizophrenia, Bpc 157 regulates the relationship between the nitric oxide system and the dopamine system and counteracts various abnormalities of the dopamine system, thereby improving the symptoms of schizophrenia. It can address the complex relationship between the nitric oxide system and amphetamine, apomorphine, MK-801, and chronic methylphenidate administration, indicating that it may improve the symptoms of schizophrenia by regulating the functions of the nitric oxide system and the dopamine system. It can also counteract various abnormalities of the dopamine system, including dopamine receptor blockade, the development of receptor hypersensitivity, receptor activation, excessive release, nigrostriatal damage, and vesicular depletion, etc. It has a wide range of regulatory effects on the dopamine system and helps to restore the functional balance of the dopamine system in schizophrenia patients\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn addition, as a new type of cytoprotective mediator, Bpc 157 regulates the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, has a beneficial effect on behavioral disorders, and through its neuroprotective effect, protects somatosensory neurons, promotes peripheral nerve regeneration, counteracts the progression of traumatic brain injury, and restores caudal function. It may act as a new type of cytoprotective mediator, participate in maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa, and have an indirect therapeutic effect on central nervous system diseases. It can also regulate the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, have a beneficial effect on various behavioral disorders that occur due to specific (excessive) stimulation\/damage of the neurotransmitter system, and at the same time have neuroprotective effects, such as protecting somatosensory neurons, promoting peripheral nerve regeneration, counteracting the progression of traumatic brain injury, counteracting axonal and neuronal necrosis, demyelination, and cyst formation in rats with spinal cord compression, and restoring caudal function\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the Studies Related to Bpc 157?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAs a Potential Treatment for COVID-19: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn late 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggered a large-scale pandemic worldwide. Research suggests that COVID-19 is largely a thrombotic and vascular disease targeting systemic endothelial cells, which can lead to the disruption of central vascular function \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Patients with COVID-19 may develop multi-organ failure such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular complications, liver injury, and nerve injury. Based on animal model data, researchers have discussed the role of Bpc 157 as a novel drug in improving the clinical management of COVID-19. Bpc 157 is a peptide that exhibits anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and endothelial protective effects in different organ systems of different species. Bpc 157 activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which is related to nitric oxide (NO) release, tissue repair, and vascular regulation properties, and can improve vascular integrity and immune response, reduce the pro-inflammatory state, and reduce the severity of the disease. Therefore, it is of great significance to discuss its potential as a preventive and adjuvant treatment method.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccelerating the Healing of Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eA review has been conducted on the role of Bpc 157 in the treatment of soft tissue injuries\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e .Currently, all experiments studying Bpc 157 have shown that for various types of injuries (including traumatic and systemic injuries and a variety of soft tissue injuries), Bpc 157 has a consistent positive and rapid healing effect. However, to date, most of the studies have been conducted on small rodent models, and the efficacy of Bpc 157 has not been confirmed in humans. Nevertheless, Bpc 157 clearly has great potential and is expected to become a treatment method for the conservative treatment of low-vascular and low-cellular soft tissue (such as tendons and ligaments) injuries or as an adjuvant for recovery after further development. In addition, the skeletal muscle injury model shows that Bpc 157 not only has a beneficial effect on injuries caused by direct trauma but also on systemic injuries including hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving Motor Function after Spinal Cord Injury: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eResearchers have used a well-designed rat model to demonstrate that the stable gastric pentadecapeptide Bpc 157 can improve spinal cord injury\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e . Previous studies have shown that Bpc 157 can counteract the consequences of peripheral (sciatic nerve) nerve transection\/anastomosis and improve nerve healing, brain trauma, and various encephalopathies. Bpc 157 has been used as an anti-ulcer peptide in inflammatory bowel disease trials and multiple sclerosis trials. In one study, rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of Bpc 157 (200 or 2μg\/kg) or normal saline (5ml\/kg) after spinal cord injury. All injured rats showed continuous improvement after Bpc 157 treatment, with significantly better clinical tail motor function and no self-mutilation behavior; the spasm problem was solved on the 15th day; under the microscope (starting from the 7th day), the vacuoles and axonal loss in the white matter, edema in the gray matter, and loss of motor neurons in Bpc 157 rats, as well as the reduction in the number of large myelinated axons in the rat caudal nerve, were largely counteracted. Electromyogram recordings showed a significant decrease in motor unit potentials in the tail muscles. In addition, researchers also conducted another experiment. Bpc 157 was administered 4 days after spinal cord injury, and Bpc 157 (10μg\/kg, 0.16μg\/mL, 12ml\/rat\/day) was given through drinking water for 4 weeks, while the control group received only drinking water. The results showed that the rats treated with Bpc 157 showed great improvement and continued to recover until complete recovery.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCounteracting Spinal Instability: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTo induce spinal instability in rats, researchers focused on bilateral facetectomy and explored the possible therapeutic benefits of the stable gastric pentadecapeptide Bpc 157 in drinking water\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e .In previous studies, Bpc 157 has been shown to improve spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, brain trauma, and various encephalopathies. In this study, rats received complete bilateral L3-L4 facetectomy, and after the operation, they were given Bpc 157 (10ng\/kg, 0.16ng\/mL, 12ml\/rat\/day) or only drinking water. Radiological evaluations were performed at week 1 and week 8. The results showed that at week 1, no obvious deformity was observed in the rats of the control group and the Bpc 157 group in any plane, the intervertebral disc space seemed to be unaffected, the neural foramen at the surgical level was slightly widened, and the rats in the Bpc 157 drinking group had a higher overall bone density. At week 8, no obvious deformity was observed in the rats of both groups in any plane, the intervertebral disc space was unaffected, the neural foramen at the surgical level was slightly widened, the rats in the Bpc 157 group had significantly higher bone density, and there was a lack of a large amount of callus formation in a random pattern visible in the control group. In addition, the rats in the control group showed obvious motor impairment immediately after injury induction, while the rats in the Bpc 157 drinking group completely counteracted this motor impairment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, the core value of Bpc 157 lies in its endogenous and multi-system regulatory characteristics, providing innovative solutions for refractory inflammation, tissue defects, and neuropsychiatric diseases. In the field of sports trauma, it can accelerate the repair and regeneration of tissues such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments, shorten the recovery time, and has a good therapeutic effect on acute trauma. In the treatment of burns, Bpc 157 can significantly enhance the biological functions of endothelial cells such as proliferation, migration, and tubule formation, thus accelerating the repair of burn wounds. In addition, it has a protective effect on the gastrointestinal tract, can promote the healing of gastrointestinal ulcers, and prevent and alleviate gastrointestinal diseases. Bpc 157 also shows potential in neuroprotection, protecting the nervous system through mechanisms such as reducing the inflammatory response and inhibiting apoptosis. It also has a protective effect on human organs such as the pancreas, liver, and heart, demonstrating its wide range of biological effects as a multifunctional peptide.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications[J]. Current Neuropharmacology, 2016,14(8):857-865.DOI:10.2174\/1570159X13666160502153022.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Sikiric P, Hahm K, Blagaic A B, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, Robert's Stomach Cytoprotection\/Adaptive Cytoprotection\/Organoprotection, and Selye's Stress Coping Response: Progress, Achievements, and the Future[J]. Gut and Liver, 2020,14(2):153-167.DOI:10.5009\/gnl18490.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Knezevic M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, et al. Occluded Superior Mesenteric Artery and Vein. Therapy with the Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157[J]. Biomedicines, 2021,9(7).DOI:10.3390\/biomedicines9070792.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Vrdoljak B, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves suprahepatic occlusion of the inferior caval vein, Budd-Chiari syndrome model in rats.[J]. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, 2020,11(1):1-19.DOI:10.4291\/wjgp.v11.i1.1.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Deek S A. BPC 157 as Potential Treatment for COVID-19[J]. Medical Hypotheses, 2022,158.DOI:10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110736.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Vukojevic J, Milavic M, Perovic D, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system[J]. Neural Regeneration Research, 2022,17(3):482.DOI:10.4103\/1673-5374.320969.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Gwyer D, Wragg N M, Wilson S L. Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing[J]. Cell and Tissue Research, 2019,377(2):153-159.DOI:10.1007\/s00441-019-03016-8.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Perovic D, Krezic I, Dokuzovic S, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Recovers Motor Function After Rat Spinal Cord Injury[J]. Faseb Journal, 2019,33.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.822.5.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[9] Dokuzovic S, Bebek I, Perovic D, et al. Spinal Instability in Rats Counteracted by Pentadecapeptide BPC 157[J]. Faseb Journal, 2019,33.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.822.3.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46385010114750,"sku":null,"price":35.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/BPC-157.jpg?v=1781293127"},{"product_id":"tb-500","title":"TB-500","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTB-500 Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTB500, a synthetic analog of Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4), promotes tissue repair and regeneration by regulating actin dynamics and stimulating cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation.TB500 is a functional fragment of thymosin β4 primarily used to study mechanisms related to cell migration and tissue repair. Its actions focus on promoting cell motility, supporting tissue structural reconstruction, and participating in repair signal regulation. Research indicates that TB500 is closely associated with cytoskeletal regulation, particularly influencing actin dynamics. Its mechanism enhances the coordination of tissue repair processes by modulating cell migration-related signaling pathways. TB500 holds significant research value in the fields of tissue regeneration, injury repair, and cell migration studies. \u003cbr\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003eAc-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln-OH\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e38\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e68\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e14\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e889.0 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e885340-08-9\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e62707662\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eQHK6Z47GTG\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eTB500 Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of TB500?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eTB500 is a small peptide processed from the active site of thymosin β4. Thymosin β4 has the abilities of tissue regeneration, anti-inflammation, and rapid repair, and TB500 has inherited these properties as well. Initially, in the research on thymosin β4, it was found to possess multiple biological activities, playing important roles in aspects such as cell migration, tissue repair, and inflammation regulation. TB500 is the active fragment of thymosin β4. Researchers hope that through the study of TB500, they can gain a deeper understanding of its mechanism of action and explore whether it can be developed into a drug with specific therapeutic purposes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eIn the fields of wound repair and tissue damage caused by chronic diseases, traditional treatment methods have certain limitations. Due to its potential ability in promoting cell migration and tissue repair, TB500 has become a research hotspot, and people expect it to provide new ideas and methods for treating these diseases. For example, in the research of diseases such as myocardial infarction and nerve injury, studies are carried out to explore whether TB500 can promote the repair of damaged tissues and the restoration of their functions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eAthletes are prone to various injuries during training and competitions, including muscle strains and ligament injuries. TB500 is believed to potentially help accelerate injury repair and improve the recovery speed of sports injuries, so it has attracted attention in the field of sports medicine. Some studies attempt to explore the application potential of TB500 in the rehabilitation of athletes' injuries. However, at the same time, it has also triggered a controversy about whether it may be abused as a doping. With the development of medicine, the demand for new drugs is constantly increasing. As a peptide substance with a unique mechanism of action, TB500 has the potential to be developed into a new type of drug, providing more options for clinical treatment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of TB500?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting tissue regeneration:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eTB500 is a small peptide processed from the active site of thymosin β4. Thymosin β4 has the ability to promote tissue regeneration, and TB500 has inherited this property. It may promote tissue regeneration in the following ways:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActivating cell signaling pathways:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eIt may activate certain specific cell signaling pathways to promote cell proliferation and differentiation. For example, it may activate signaling pathways related to cell growth and repair, such as the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway, etc., thereby stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation and promoting tissue regeneration\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulating the extracellular matrix:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eThe extracellular matrix plays an important role in tissue regeneration. TB500 may regulate the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix, promoting cell adhesion, migration, and tissue remodeling. For example, it may increase the synthesis of collagen and elastin, improving the structure and function of tissues\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-inflammatory effect:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eInflammation is a defensive response of the body to injury and infection, but excessive inflammation can lead to tissue damage. TB500 has an anti-inflammatory effect and can inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators. Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines play a key role in the inflammatory response. TB500 may inhibit the production of these inflammatory mediators, thereby reducing the inflammatory response. For example, it may inhibit the production of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulating the function of immune cells:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eImmune cells play an important role in the inflammatory response. TB500 may regulate the function of immune cells, such as regulating the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes, thereby reducing the inflammatory response. For example, it may promote the transformation of macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype and inhibit the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccelerating cell proliferation and differentiation:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eBy activating cell signaling pathways and regulating the extracellular matrix, TB500 can accelerate cell proliferation and differentiation, promoting the repair of damaged tissues\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReducing the inflammatory response: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eThe inflammatory response will delay tissue repair, and the anti-inflammatory effect of TB500 can reduce the inflammatory response, creating a favorable environment for tissue repair\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting angiogenesis: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eAngiogenesis is crucial for tissue repair. TB500 may promote angiogenesis, increasing the blood supply to damaged tissues, providing nutrients and oxygen for cells, and promoting tissue repair\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 0em; text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/ars.els-cdn.com\/content\/image\/1-s2.0-S0753332223002603-gr1_lrg.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/ars.els-cdn.com\/content\/image\/1-s2.0-S0753332223002603-gr1_lrg.jpg\" width=\"1647\" height=\"951\" class=\"shrinkToFit\"\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 0em; text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eRegulation of MMP\/TIMP on hepatic fibrosis.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow does TB500 regulate the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eThe balance between the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for maintaining the normal structure and function of tissues. TB-500 may affect the synthesis of the extracellular matrix in the following ways:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting collagen deposition:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eTB-500 is believed to be able to promote collagen deposition, and collagen is an important component of the extracellular matrix. The specific mechanism of action may involve the regulation of cell signaling pathways involved in collagen synthesis. For example, it may promote the expression of collagen genes by activating certain growth factors or transcription factors, thereby increasing the synthesis of collagen\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eEndothelial cells secrete a variety of extracellular matrix components during the process of blood vessel formation. TB-500 promotes endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis in dermal tissues, which may indirectly promote the synthesis of the extracellular matrix. The newly formed blood vessels require the support of the extracellular matrix, which may stimulate cells to synthesize more extracellular matrix components\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluence on the degradation of the extracellular matrix:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIt may regulate the activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs):\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eThe degradation of the extracellular matrix is mainly regulated by matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. Although there is currently no direct evidence that TB-500 regulates the activities of MMPs and TIMPs, considering that TB-500 has the effects of promoting cell migration and wound healing, and the processes of cell migration and wound healing are usually accompanied by the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, this may involve the regulation of MMPs and TIMPs. For example, in the study of liver fibrosis, matrix metalloproteinases and their specific inhibitors (i.e., tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, TIMPs) play a key role in collagen synthesis and dissolution. By restoring the balance between MMPs and TIMPs, the accumulation of the extracellular matrix can be inhibited, thereby reducing liver fibrosis\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndirectly regulating the degradation of the extracellular matrix by affecting cell behavior:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eTB-500 can promote keratinocyte migration. During the process of cell migration, cells need to regulate the degradation of the extracellular matrix to clear the way. This may involve the secretion of certain enzymes or factors by cells to regulate the degradation of the extracellular matrix. For example, in some physiological and pathological processes, cells secrete matrix metalloproteinases to degrade the extracellular matrix for migration\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn what ways does TB500 interact with biomaterials to promote muscle regeneration?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelease of bioactive molecules:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eBiomaterials can serve as carriers and act in concert with TB500 to release bioactive molecules, promoting muscle regeneration. For example, some biomaterials can release active substances such as growth factors. These substances work together with TB500 to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells. TB500 itself has the effects of promoting cell migration and angiogenesis. Combined with the active molecules released by biomaterials, it can more effectively promote muscle regeneration\u003csup\u003e[4, 5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe role of biomimetic materials:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eBiomimetic materials mimic the natural structure and function of muscle tissues, providing a suitable microenvironment for TB500. Such biomimetic materials can be better compatible with muscle tissues, promoting the action of TB500 at the damaged site. For example, biomimetic materials with a specific pore structure can provide support for cell growth, and at the same time, allow TB500 to diffuse and function better\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunomodulatory effect:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eBiomaterials can promote muscle regeneration by regulating the immune system, in coordination with TB500. Studies have shown that biomaterials can regulate the polarization of macrophages, thereby controlling the immune response and creating a favorable environment for muscle regeneration. TB500 may further enhance this immunomodulatory effect by affecting the activity of immune cells. For example, through the immunomodulation mediated by biomaterials, the polarization of macrophages can be regulated to promote the soft tissue regeneration of the musculoskeletal system, and TB500 may play a synergistic role in this process\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCombination of stem cells and biomaterials:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eStem cells play an important role in muscle regeneration. Combining with biomaterials and TB500 can provide a more effective treatment strategy. Many stem cell populations, such as mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells, are involved in muscle regeneration. Biomaterials can provide support and guidance for stem cells, while TB500 can promote the migration, survival, and differentiation of stem cells. The combination of the three can overcome the limitations of using them alone and promote muscle regeneration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromotion of nerve regeneration: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003ePeripheral nerve regeneration also plays a key role in muscle regeneration. Biomaterials can provide structural bridging to promote nerve regeneration, and TB500 may further promote nerve regeneration and muscle function recovery by affecting the gene expression related to neurogenesis. For example, some studies have found that the gene arrays related to neurogenesis are upregulated, suggesting the role of peripheral nerve regeneration in mediating the recovery of muscle force, and biomaterials and TB500 may jointly promote this process\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApplication of magnetically responsive biomaterials:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eNew magnetically responsive biomaterials can enhance muscle regeneration by triggering drug and cell delivery. TB500 can be used in combination with such biomaterials to improve the repair effect of damaged muscles. For example, a biphasic iron gel scaffold can be used to deliver cells and growth factors, precisely timing in vivo to enhance functional muscle regeneration during inflammation. TB500 may act synergistically with this biomaterial to further promote muscle regeneration\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; text-indent: 0em;\"\u003eOverall, as a small peptide processed from the active site of thymosin β4, TB500 has shown remarkable potential in tissue regeneration, anti-inflammation, and rapid repair. Research has found that it can promote endothelial cell differentiation, angiogenesis, and keratinocyte migration, and may also regulate the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix. In the field of muscle repair, TB500 may bring new hope for the repair of sports injuries by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of muscle stem cells, regulating the inflammatory response, and interacting with biomaterials. TB500 has the potential to become an effective drug for the adjuvant treatment of tissue damage and related diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Rahaman K, Muresan A, Son J, et al. Development of analytical methods for TB-500 and its metabolites by LC-MS\/MS[M]. 2022.10.13140\/RG.2.2.32176.02564.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Ho E N M, Kwok W H, Lau M Y, et al. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2012,1265:57-69.DOI:10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.09.043.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Shan L, Wang F, Zhai D, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases induce extracellular matrix degradation through various pathways to alleviate hepatic fibrosis[J]. Biomedicine \u0026amp; Pharmacotherapy, 2023,161.DOI:10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114472.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Carleton M M, Sefton M V. Promoting endogenous repair of skeletal muscle using regenerative biomaterials[J]. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2021,109(12):2720-2739.DOI:10.1002\/jbm.a.37239.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Ye J, Xie C, Wang C, et al. Promoting musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration by biomaterial-mediated modulation of macrophage polarization[J]. Bioactive Materials, 2021,6(11):4096-4109.DOI:10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.04.017.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Roberts K, Kim J T, Huynh T, et al. Transcriptome profiling of a synergistic volumetric muscle loss repair strategy[J]. Bmc Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2023,24(1).DOI:10.1186\/s12891-023-06401-1.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Cezar C A. Magnetically Responsive Biomaterials for Enhanced Skeletal Muscle Regeneration[M]. 2015.https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/magnetically-responsive-biomaterials-enhanced\/docview\/1761573755\/se-2.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46385015685310,"sku":null,"price":40.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/TB-500.jpg?v=1781293076"},{"product_id":"kisspeptin-10","title":"Kisspeptin-10","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKisspeptin-10 Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKisspeptin is a hypothalamic neuropeptide encoded by the KISS1 gene, regulating diverse physiological functions through the GPR54 receptor and serving as a core regulatory molecule of the reproductive axis. Its functions include activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis), driving gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, and regulating puberty initiation and gonadal development. It also exhibits potential in regulating energy metabolism and glucose-lipid homeostasis. Kisspeptin can treat reproductive disorders such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypothalamic amenorrhea by stimulating GnRH to restore gonadotropin secretion. In assisted reproduction, it reduces the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation. Its metabolic regulatory effects drive mechanistic research and therapeutic exploration for obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, establishing it as a key intervention molecule linking neuroendocrine, reproductive, and metabolic systems. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003eH-Tyr-Asn-Trp-Asn-Ser-Phe-Gly-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH2\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e258\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e401\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e79\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e78\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e5857 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e25240297\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFS1N52VS3S, Kisspeptin-10, Human metastin 45-54\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"tab-content active\" id=\"tab-description\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKisspeptin\u003c\/strong\u003e Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Kisspeptin?  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the late 20th century, with advances in research on tumor metastasis suppressor genes, scientists discovered the KiSS-1 gene in melanoma cells using modified subtractive hybridization in 1996. In 1999, the rat G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 was identified, and in 2001, studies confirmed that the product of the KiSS-1 gene is the endogenous ligand for GPR54, named Kisspeptin. Initially noted for its tumor metastasis-suppressive properties, this neuropeptide was later found to act as a key upstream regulatory element of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, playing a core role in the neuroendocrine regulation of vertebrate reproductive development. It also participates in multiple physiological processes such as reproductive behavior, mood regulation, growth metabolism, and feeding behavior. The discovery and functional research of Kisspeptin provide an important theoretical basis for exploring neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms and treating related diseases.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Kisspeptin?  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReproductive Regulatory Mechanisms\u003c\/strong\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis: Kisspeptin plays a central role in reproductive regulation, primarily through modulation of the HPG axis. In mammals, Kisspeptin stimulates the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Specifically, Kisspeptin activates the pulsatile secretion of GnRH cells via G protein-coupled mechanisms through its receptor GPR54. For example, during puberty initiation, increased activity of hypothalamic Kisspeptin neurons promotes GnRH secretion, which in turn stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropins (such as follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH). These hormones act on the gonads to promote gonadal development and sex hormone secretion, thereby initiating pubertal development\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDirect Effects on Gonads: In addition to indirect regulation of reproduction through the HPG axis, Kisspeptin also has direct effects on gonads. Studies on oocytes from anestrous Tan sheep, for example, have shown that Kisspeptin significantly improves the in vitro maturation rate of Tan sheep oocytes and promotes oocyte maturation by upregulating gene expression. This suggests that Kisspeptin may directly participate in regulating follicular development in the gonads.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is Kisspeptin's mechanism of action? \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInteractions with Other Neuropeptides: In the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, there is a class of Kisspeptin neurons that co-express glutamate, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (Dyn). These neurons exhibit intermittent synchronous activity to drive pulsatile hormone secretion\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Studies in female mice have shown that spontaneous synchronization of ARN^{KISS} neurons highly depends on glutamate transmission via AMPA receptors and neurokinin B transmission, while inhibition of NMDA receptors and κ-opioid receptors has no effect on synchronization rate\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In male mice, synchronization of ARN^{KISS} neurons arises from nearly random burst network activity within the population, critically dependent on local glutamate-AMPA signaling, with neurokinin B enhancing glutamate-induced synchronization, while dynorphin-κ-opioid tone within the network acts as a gating mechanism for synchronization initiation. This indicates complex interaction networks between Kisspeptin neurons and other neuropeptides in neuroendocrine regulation, collectively governing pulsatile hormone secretion \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"display: block; width: 734px; height: 766px;\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/9126\/10652333\/f8e863fa2de9\/bqad167f4.jpg\" class=\"pswp__img\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 1 Histograms showing the percentage of trials in which coincident calcium events occurred between ARN^{KISS} neurons in the brain slice under unstimulated conditions and following low frequency and high frequency stimulation of a single neuron in the absence and presence of CNQX or neurokinin receptor (NKR) antagonists.  \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSource: PubMed\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the progress of clinical research on Kisspeptin in the treatment of metabolic diseases? \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKisspeptin and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)\u003c\/strong\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Glucose Metabolism: Key features of T2DM include insulin resistance, insufficient insulin secretion, and elevated blood glucose. Studies suggest that Kisspeptin may regulate glucose metabolism through multiple pathways. On one hand, Kisspeptin can influence insulin sensitivity; on the other hand, it may act on pancreatic islet β-cell function to affect insulin secretion.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKisspeptin and Obesity\u003c\/strong\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulation of Energy Balance and Food Intake: Obesity is often associated with energy imbalance due to excessive energy intake and reduced energy expenditure. Kisspeptin regulates energy balance and feeding behavior in the central nervous system. Increased Kisspeptin expression may reduce food intake in animals, while decreased expression may increase it, indicating that Kisspeptin serves as a key regulator of energy intake in the pathogenesis of obesity.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKisspeptin and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)\u003c\/strong\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects on Hepatic Metabolism: NAFLD is a liver disease closely linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, characterized by excessive hepatic fat deposition. Kisspeptin participates in hepatic metabolic regulation. In animal experiments, Kisspeptin intervention has been shown to alter lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress in the liver. It may reduce hepatic fat accumulation by regulating the activity of key enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and breakdown. Additionally, Kisspeptin may modulate hepatic inflammatory signaling pathways to alleviate inflammation and slow NAFLD progression.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKisspeptin and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)\u003c\/strong\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDual Regulation of Reproductive Endocrinology and Metabolism: PCOS is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder characterized by both reproductive endocrine abnormalities and glucose-lipid metabolic disorders in most patients. Kisspeptin plays a critical role in PCOS pathogenesis. Centrally, it regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to influence reproductive endocrinology in PCOS patients. Meanwhile, it participates in metabolic processes involving insulin, leptin, and adiponectin, suggesting it is a key factor in metabolic dysfunction in PCOS.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Kisspeptin?  \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of Reproductive System Disorders\u003c\/strong\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbnormal Pubertal Development: Kisspeptin is critical for puberty initiation. Studies show that mutations in the Kisspeptin-GPR54 system can lead to delayed puberty or hypogonadism. Exogenous administration of Kisspeptin can stimulate the HPG axis to promote GnRH and gonadotropin secretion, holding promise for treating pubertal development disorders. For example, in patients with hypogonadism due to Kisspeptin signaling defects, supplementation with Kisspeptin or its analogs can restore normal pubertal development \u003csup\u003e[4, 5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOvulation Disorders: In the female reproductive system, Kisspeptin regulates the menstrual cycle and ovulation. It has potential therapeutic value for ovulation disorders such as PCOS. By regulating GnRH pulsatile secretion, Kisspeptin can modulate gonadotropin release to improve follicular development and ovulation. Clinical studies show that Kisspeptin induces a more physiological gonadotropin secretion pattern in some ovulation disorder patients, enhancing ovulation success rates\u003csup\u003e[5, 6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunctional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA): FHA is caused by abnormal GnRH pulsatile secretion in the hypothalamus. As an upstream regulator of GnRH, Kisspeptin is critical for FHA treatment. Studies show that administration of Kisspeptin-54 to FHA patients effectively stimulates gonadotropin (FSH, LH) secretion, holding promise for restoring menstrual cycles and fertility. This provides new strategies for FHA treatment \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of Metabolic Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Recent studies have found that activating the Kisspeptin 1 receptor (KISS1R) signaling pathway has therapeutic effects on NAFLD. In high-fat diet-fed mouse models, knockout of hepatic Kiss1r exacerbates hepatic steatosis, while enhanced KISS1R stimulation protects wild-type mice from steatosis and reduces hepatic fibrosis in diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mice. Mechanistic studies show that hepatic KISS1R signaling improves NAFLD progression by activating AMPK, a key energy regulatory molecule, to reduce lipogenesis. Additionally, increased hepatic KISS1\/KISS1R expression and plasma Kisspeptin levels in NAFLD patients and high-fat diet-fed mice suggest a compensatory mechanism to reduce triglyceride synthesis, making KISS1R a promising new target for NASH treatment \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOsteoporosis Treatment: Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease where reproductive hormones play a key role in bone growth and mass maintenance. Studies show that Kisspeptin stimulates osteoblast differentiation and inhibits osteoclasts, offering clinical potential for osteoporosis treatment. The mechanism may involve regulating bone metabolism-related signaling pathways, such as the Wnt pathway and RANKL-OPG system, to promote bone formation, inhibit bone resorption, increase bone density, and improve skeletal health in osteoporosis patients.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough clinical research on Kisspeptin in metabolic disease treatment has made progress, its effects involve multiple aspects including glucose metabolism, energy balance, hepatic metabolism, and dual regulation of reproductive endocrinology and metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]    Mills E, O'Byrne K T, Comninos A N. Kisspeptin as a Behavioral Hormone[J]. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 2019,37(2):56-63.DOI:10.1055\/s-0039-3400239.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]    Han S Y, Morris P G, Kim J C, et al. Mechanism of kisspeptin neuron synchronization for pulsatile hormone secretion in  male mice[J]. Cell Reports, 2023,42(1):111914.DOI:10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111914.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3]    Morris P G, Herbison A E. Mechanism of Arcuate Kisspeptin Neuron Synchronization in Acute Brain Slices From Female Mice[J]. Endocrinology, 2023,164(12).DOI:10.1210\/endocr\/bqad167.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4]    Sharma A. Scope of Kisspeptin in Neuroendocrine Disorder[J]. 2023. DOI:10.1093\/humupd\/dmu009.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5]    Tsoutsouki J, Abbara A, Dhillo W. Novel therapeutic avenues for kisspeptin[J]. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 2022,67:102319.DOI:10.1016\/j.coph.2022.102319.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6]    Podfigurna A, Czyzyk A, Szeliga A, et al. Kisspeptin Role in Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea[M]\/\/Berga S L, Genazzani A R, Naftolin F, et al. Menstrual Cycle Related Disorders: Volume 7: Frontiers in Gynecological Endocrinology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019:27-42.DOI: 10.1007\/978-3-030-14358-9_3.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7]    Guzman S, Dragan M, Kwon H, et al. Targeting hepatic kisspeptin receptor ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver  disease in a mouse model[J]. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2022,132(10).DOI:10.1172\/JCI145889.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46385022861502,"sku":null,"price":30.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Kisspeptin-10.jpg?v=1781293030"},{"product_id":"pt-141","title":"PT-141","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePT-141 Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePT 141 (Bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist derived from α-MSH. It acts on sexual dysfunction by activating central MC3R\/MC4R pathways. For males, it improves erectile function through corpus cavernosum smooth muscle relaxation. For females, it enhances sexual desire via CNS-mediated regulation of libido. Its mechanism circumvents traditional PDE5-inhibitor pathways, making it effective for PDE5-resistant cases. PT 141 has demonstrated rapid onset of action within minutes post-administration. Preclinical and clinical evaluations have shown it to be well-tolerated overall.\u003cbr\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003eAc-Nle-Asp(1)-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys(1)-OH\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e68\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e14\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e1025.2 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e189691-06-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e9941379\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBremelanotide\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003ePT 141 Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of PT 141?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePT 141 is a synthetic peptide analog and an agonist of melanocortin receptors, mainly including MC3R and MC4R, which are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.The discovery of PT 141 has brought new hope for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Early studies on it indicated that administering PT 141 to rats and non-human primates led to penile erections. After systemic administration to rats, the activation of neurons in the hypothalamus was demonstrated by an increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity. Neurons in the same region of the central nervous system would take up the pseudorabies virus injected into the corpus cavernosum of the rat penis\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .PT 141 has the potential to treat sexual dysfunction. Studies have shown that after administering PT 141 to normal men and patients with erectile dysfunction, there was a rapid and dose-dependent increase in erectile activity. These results suggest that PT 141 has great potential as a new treatment for sexual dysfunction \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism by which PT 141 acts on melanocortin receptors?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe specific mechanism by which PT 141 (Bremelanotide) acts on melanocortin receptors is rather complex, and the following is a detailed elaboration of its mechanism:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe melanocortin receptor system consists of melanocortin peptides, unique receptors, accessory proteins, and endogenous antagonists. Melanocortin peptides are small peptide hormones that have been studied under various physiological and pathological conditions. Currently, there are five known types of melanocortin receptors, which are distributed in the central nervous system and some peripheral tissues. G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors usually transmit signals through adenylate cyclase and other downstream signaling pathways. Depending on the ligand, surface expression of the melanocortin receptor, receptor occupancy time, associated proteins, cell type, and other parameters, the signaling pathways are complex and pleiotropic. Although all five melanocortin receptors are coupled to Gs, they can occasionally also be coupled to Gq or Gi \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBinding of PT 141 to melanocortin receptors: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePT 141 is a peptide analog. As a melanocortin receptor agonist, it can bind to central melanocortin receptors. PT 141, as a synthetic peptide analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, is an agonist of melanocortin receptors including MC3R and MC4R, which are mainly expressed in the central nervous system\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects on female rats:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn female rats, PT 141 selectively stimulates courtship behavior without affecting lordosis, rhythm, or other sexual behaviors. PT 141 does not cause systemic motor activation and does not affect the perception of sexual rewards. This indicates that the central melanocortin system is important in regulating female sexual desire. The selective pharmacological effect on the appetitive sexual behavior of female rats has never been reported before, which also makes PT 141 potentially the first identified drug capable of treating female sexual desire disorders \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects on rats and non-human primates: \u003c\/strong\u003eAdministration of PT 141 to rats and non-human primates leads to penile erections. Systemic administration of PT 141 activates neurons in the hypothalamus of rats, manifested as an increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity. Neurons in the same region of the hypothalamus will take up the pseudorabies virus injected into the corpus cavernosum of the rat penis \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects on human males: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAdministration of PT 141 to normal men and patients with erectile dysfunction leads to a rapid and dose-dependent increase in erectile activity. The results suggest that PT 141 is expected to become a new treatment for sexual dysfunction \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eEffects on human females: In premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder, after a single-dose intranasal administration of Bremelanotide (i.e., PT 141), more women reported moderate or high levels of sexual desire. Compared with the placebo, there was a more obvious trend of positive responses regarding the feelings of genital arousal after Bremelanotide treatment. Among the women who attempted sexual intercourse within 24 hours after treatment, significantly more women were more satisfied with the level of sexual arousal after using Bremelanotide compared with the placebo. However, after the administration of Bremelanotide, there was no significant change in vaginal vasocongestion when watching pornographic videos \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, as a melanocortin receptor agonist, PT 141, by binding to melanocortin receptors, produces various physiological effects in animal models and humans, especially playing an important role in regulating sexual function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"graphic zoom-in\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/954e\/454387\/ba68c8e9cd70\/zpq0280453800002.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"980\" width=\"500\" alt=\"Fig. 2.\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDose–response effects of PT-141 on sexual behavior in bilevel chambers. (Top) Effects on solicitations in females primed with estrogen and progesterone (EP) or estrogen alone (E alone). Post hoc tests revealed that both the 100- and 200-g\/kg doses increased the number of solicitations significantly compared to saline-treated controls (P values＜0.05). (Middle) Effects on pacing in females primed with EP or E alone. (Bottom) Effects on lordosis quotients in females primed with EP or E alone. Data are means SEM. *, P ＜0.05 from control.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the specific potential benefits of PT 141 for male low sexual desire and erectile difficulties?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImprovement of erectile function:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNumerous studies have shown that PT 141 has a certain therapeutic effect on male erectile dysfunction. For example, in some clinical trials, it was found to be able to induce penile erections\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e (Shadiack A M, 2007). In a Phase IIb study of male diabetic patients with erectile dysfunction, the patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo or different doses of PT 141. The results showed that in the groups with higher doses of PT 141 (12.5mg and 15mg), there was a significant improvement in the Erectile Function (EF) domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), with a clear difference compared to the placebo group\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe mechanism by which PT 141 improves erectile function may be related to its role as a melanocortinergic drug, binding to melanocortin receptors in the central nervous system, especially in the hypothalamus. This binding may regulate the neural pathways related to erection, thus promoting penile erection\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood tolerability and safety:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAccording to the clinical experience of Bremelanotide, the administration of melanocortin agonists (such as Bremelanotide) is well tolerated \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e. It is not associated with the hypotension observed with the current phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical effect studies:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation in healthy male subjects and patients with erectile dysfunction: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAfter subcutaneous administration in healthy male subjects and patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) who reported insufficient response to Viagra, the cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin analog PT 141 was evaluated \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e(Rosen R C, 2004). Doses ranging from 0.3 to 10 mg were administered to healthy male subjects, and doses greater than 1.0 mg produced a statistically significant erectile response. ED patients received placebo, 4 or 6mg PT 141 in a crossover design in the presence of visual sexual stimulation (VSS). At both doses, the erectile response induced by PT 141 was statistically significant. PT 141 was safe and well tolerated in both studies. In patients who did not have an adequate response to PDE5 inhibitors, the erectile potential, tolerability, and ability of PT 141 to cause significant erections suggest that PT 141 may provide another treatment option for ED for a potentially wide range of patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of combination with sildenafil: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNineteen erectile dysfunction patients who self-reported a response to Viagra or Levitra were given 25mg sildenafil and 7.5mg intranasal PT 141, 25mg sildenafil and intranasal placebo spray, and placebo tablets and intranasal placebo spray in a randomized crossover design \u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e(Diamond L E, 2005). The erectile response to two 30-minute visual sexual stimulations was evaluated by RigiScan. The results showed that the erectile response induced by the combination of PT 141 and sildenafil was significantly greater than that induced by sildenafil alone. The combination was safe and well tolerated, without causing new adverse events or an increase in the frequency or severity of adverse events. The conclusion is that the combination of intranasal PT 141 and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors may provide a treatment option for patients who are ineffective or have poor tolerance at higher doses of monotherapy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe use of PT 141 is of great significance in many aspects, especially bringing new hope to numerous patients in the field of sexual health. For premenopausal women suffering from acquired and generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), PT 141 is a major breakthrough. Previously, such patients often endured the psychological pressure caused by low sexual desire in their daily lives, which severely affected their emotional state and intimate relationships with their partners. The emergence of PT 141 has changed this situation. By regulating the pathways in the brain involved in the sexual response, it significantly improves the sexual desire of patients. Clinical research data show that after using Bremelanotide, there are obvious differences in the average changes of the Female Sexual Function Index - Desire domain (FSFI-D) and the 13th item score of the Female Sexual Distress Scale - Desire\/Arousal\/Orgasm (FSDS-DAO) from the baseline to the end of the study (EOS).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThis intuitively reflects its positive effects in enhancing patients' sexual desire and alleviating related distress, greatly improving the quality of life of premenopausal women with HSDD and helping them regain confidence and the joy of life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMoreover, PT 141 also shows potential positive effects on male sexual dysfunction. In terms of improving male low sexual desire, many patients reported a significant increase after using it, being able to regain their interest in sexual activity. And regarding erectile difficulties, some patients' erectile function has been improved to a certain extent after use, enhancing the effect of penile erection, enabling them to complete sexual behavior more smoothly in sexual life and improving their sexual experience.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThis undoubtedly relieves the physical and mental burden for the male group that has been troubled by sexual dysfunction for a long time, repairs the psychological trauma caused by sexual function problems, and also helps to maintain the harmony and stability of family relationships.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFrom a macroscopic perspective of medical research, the use of PT 141 provides valuable practical evidence for in-depth exploration of the mechanisms related to human sexual health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe research process of its mechanism of action has prompted researchers to conduct more in-depth explorations of the neural pathways in the brain related to the sexual response, melanocortin receptors, etc., promoting the progress of basic research in the field of sexual health, laying the foundation for the development of more treatment methods and drugs for sexual dysfunction, further enriching the medical treasury, and taking a solid step forward for medicine in overcoming the challenges of sexual health problems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Molinoff P B, Shadiack A M, Earle D, et al. PT-141: A melanocortin agonist for the treatment for the of sexual dysfunction[J]. The New York Academy of Science, 2003,994:96-102.DOI:10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03167.x.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Gebrie A. The melanocortin receptor signaling system and its role in neuroprotection against neurodegeneration: Therapeutic insights[J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2023,1527(1):30-41.DOI:10.1111\/nyas.15048.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Pfaus J G, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, et al. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004,101(27):10201-10204.DOI:10.1073\/pnas.0400491101.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Diamond L E, Earle D C, Heiman J R, et al. An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist[J]. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2006,3(4):628-638.DOI:10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00268.x.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Shadiack A M, Sharma S D, Earle D C, et al. Melanocortins in the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction[J]. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2007,7(11):1137-1144.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Steidle C P, Zinner N R, Karlin G, et al. Phase IIB study of bremelanotide in the treatment of ED in diabetic males[J]. Journal of Urology, 2007,177(4):388.DOI:10.1016\/S0022-5347(18)31391-0.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Rosen R C, Diamond L E, Earle D C, et al. Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra®[J]. International Journal of Impotence Research, 2004,16(2):135-142.DOI:10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901200.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Diamond L E, Earle D C, Garcia W D, et al. Co-administration of low doses of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, and sildenafil to men with erectile dysfunction results in an enhanced erectile response[J]. Urology, 2005,65(4):755-759.DOI:10.1016\/j.urology.2004.10.060.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46385029021886,"sku":null,"price":30.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/PT-141.jpg?v=1781292982"},{"product_id":"melanotan-2","title":"Melanotan 2","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMelanotan 2 Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMelanotan is a synthetic metabolic peptide. It stimulates melanocytes to accelerate melanin production, thus speeding up tanning. Even with low UV exposure, it can quickly darken the skin and achieve the desired tanning effect. Additionally, it helps reduce UV-induced skin damage and lowers the risks of skin cancer and sunburn. Melanotan also interacts with appetite-regulating receptors to assist in weight control. Clinical trials have demonstrated its ability to enhance male erections and libido, as well as increase female libido, making it a potential treatment for sexual dysfunction. For fair-skinned individuals, it provides a safer and more effective tanning method. Moreover, it strengthens the skin's natural defense, reduces UV-caused damage, and thus offers partial protection for skin health. \u003cbr\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003eAc-Nle-cyclo(Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys)-NH₂\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e69\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e15\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e1024.2 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e121062-08-6\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e92432\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eMT-II\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"tab-content active\" id=\"tab-description\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eMelanotan-2 Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Melanotan ?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanotan is a synthetic analogue. It is a synthetic analogue of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which is prepared by chemical synthesis methods\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e . α-MSH is a naturally occurring hormone that has various physiological functions in the human body, including regulating skin pigmentation. Melanotan was designed to mimic some of the effects of α-MSH but has stronger activity and specific application purposes. Melanota was initially developed as a substance to promote skin pigmentation, that is, a so-called tanning agent. With the increase in people's demand for tanning, some people began to seek to obtain a rapid skin darkening effect by injecting Melanotan. The research in this regard mainly focuses on its mechanism and effect on skin pigmentation. For example, studies have found that Melanotan can bind to specific receptors on melanocytes to stimulate the production of melanin, thereby darkening the skin \u003csup\u003e[2, 3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is Melanotan ?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanotan is a synthetic analogue that is related to α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Its main function is to increase skin pigmentation and darken human skin. Melanotan mainly exerts its effect by interacting with melanocortin receptors. Specifically, as a non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist, it can stimulate the production of melanin in the skin, thus achieving skin pigmentation, that is, the tanning effect. In addition, it can also produce spontaneous penile erection and sexual stimulation effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the specific mechanism of Melanota in tanning?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanotan induces skin tanning by interacting with the melanocortin 1 receptor on melanocytes. It is believed that Melanotan mimics the effect of the melanocortin α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) on the MC1 receptor of melanocytes, resulting in an increase in the expression of agouti signaling protein. Melanotan stimulates melanocytes to produce and secrete melanin, thereby increasing skin pigmentation\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. It can promote the production of eumelanin in the skin to achieve skin pigmentation. Studies have shown that the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analogue cyclic -[Ac-Nle(4), Asp(5), D-Phe(7), Lys(10)] alpha-MSH-(4 - 10) amide (Melanota ), a potent melanocortin receptor agonist, can stimulate the production of eumelanin to achieve skin pigmentation\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the specific mechanism of Melanotan in inducing penile erection and enhancing sexual stimulation?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInduction of erection: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn anesthetized rats, Melanotan —a non-specific melanocortin receptor agonist—exhibited dose-dependent erectile induction when administered via intravenous injection (0.1–1 mg\/kg) or hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus infusion (0.1–1 μg). This effect triggered penile erections and reduced the latency of first erectile events \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.Its effect may involve activating melanocortin receptors in the central nervous system, thereby regulating the neural pathways related to erection. When Melanotan is intrathecally injected (0.2 μg) at the L6 - S1 level, the amplitude of erection events is higher. This indicates that the neural pathways at the spinal cord level may also be involved in the induction of erection by Melanotan \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromotion of erection: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAfter intravenous injection of Melanotan (1 mg\/kg), the erectile response induced by cavernous nerve stimulation is increased, thus playing a promoting role in erection\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e . After acute removal of the lumbar paravertebral sympathetic chain, the promoting effect of Melanotan is abolished. This indicates that the promoting effect of Melanotan on erection depends on the integrity of the lumbar paravertebral sympathetic chain. In contrast, Melanota injected into the corpus cavernosum (1 μg) did not show any promoter activity. Spinal cord transection or bilateral transection of the pelvic nerve or the dorsal nerve of the penis did not impair the promoting activity of intravenous Melanotan (1 mg\/kg), further indicating that the promoting effect of Melanotan on erection is mainly through the sympathetic nerve pathway rather than the pelvic nerve or the dorsal nerve of the penis \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhancement of female sexual arousal behavior: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStudies have found that Melanotan also has an impact on female sexual behavior. In female rats, ovariectomized rats pretreated with estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P), intravenous injection of Melanotan (1 and 3 mg\/kg) increased the number of jumps, rushes, and ear wiggles, indicating that progesterone can interact with Melanotan to increase female sexual arousal behavior \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg data-v-f1e6d48c=\"\" alt=\"\" data-nuxt-img=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/ijms\/ijms-21-00681\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/ijms-21-00681-g001.png 1x, https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/ijms\/ijms-21-00681\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/ijms-21-00681-g001.png 2x\" class=\"aspect-auto object-contain\" role=\"presentation\" src=\"https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/ijms\/ijms-21-00681\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/ijms-21-00681-g001.png\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect of MTII on tumorigenicity of melanoma cells.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMelanota is a substance with multiple functions and research directions. The following will introduce other related research on Melanota .\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInduction of erection:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn some studies, it was found that Melanotan also has an impact on the reproductive system. For example, Melanotan can cause abnormal penile erection. Some patients experienced painful erections after subcutaneous injection of Melanotan , and also showed symptoms of sympathetic nerve excitation, such as increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, restlessness, and excessive sweating\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e .This indicates that Melanotan may affect the blood supply and neural regulation of the reproductive organs by acting on specific neurotransmitters and receptor systems, thus leading to changes in erectile function. In addition, in studies on rodents, melanocortin substances can cause a lordosis posture, which is interpreted as evidence of increased sexual arousal\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e, further suggesting that the impact of Melanotan on the reproductive system may be related to sexual arousal and the regulation of sexual behavior.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromotion of melanin production: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs a synthetic melanocortin analogue, Melanotan can bind to the melanocortin I receptor (MC1R) to promote melanin production \u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e.It mainly achieves this by promoting the proliferation of melanocytes and regulating the activity of tyrosinase. This effect of promoting melanin production gives Melanotan potential application value in the field of skin, for example, it may play a role in the treatment and prevention of some skin diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch in anti-tumor aspects: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the research on anti-tumor, studies using the B16-F10 melanoma model found that although Melanotan has no effect on the proliferation of melanoma cells, it can effectively inhibit the migration, invasion, and colony formation ability of melanoma cells. Local application of Melanotan can also significantly attenuate the tumor progression in mice with established melanoma. Its mechanism of action is to cause an upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) through the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), thereby inhibiting the progression of melanoma by downregulating the cyclooxygenase II (COX-2)\/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling pathway \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTherapeutic effect on autism: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSome studies used a maternal immune activation (MIA) mouse model of autism to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the melanocortin receptor 4 agonist M Melanotan for autism-like characteristics in adult male mice\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.Male MIA mice showed autism-like characteristics, including impaired social behavior indicators, reduced vocal communication, and increased repetitive behaviors. Administration of Melanotan to male MIA mice for seven consecutive days led to an improvement in social behavior indicators. There was no significant change in social behavior indicators in male C57 mice with a normal background after treatment with Melanotan. In addition, in normal C57 mice, there were no changes in anxiety-like or repetitive behaviors after treatment with Melanotan, but there was a significant decrease in body weight after subacute treatment. These data indicate that Melanotan is an effective drug that can improve the autism-like behavioral deficits in the autism model of adult male MIA mice.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReversal of memory impairment:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStudies have shown that a high-fat (HF) diet has been proven to increase the risk of nerve damage and neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigated the possible relationship between diet, Melanotan targeting melanocortin receptors, and the behavior of zebrafish\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c\/sup\u003e . Surprisingly, even a short-term HF diet that lasted for about 1% of the zebrafish's life had a strong developmental impact. Compared with zebrafish fed a control diet, zebrafish fed an HF diet showed impaired recognition memory, increased anxiety levels, and reduced exploration tendency after only three weeks. And these abnormalities caused by the HF diet were reversed by Melanotan. Animals fed an HF diet and treated with Melanota showed recognition memory, anxiety, and exploration behaviors similar to those of the control group. This study provides evidence that even a short-term HF diet can have an impact on memory and mood, and it is the first study to show that Melanotan can reverse these changes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulation of social behavior: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the field of neuroscience research, it was found that Melanotan-II can regulate social behavior by stimulating melanocortin receptors and then activating the central oxytocin system \u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Specifically, after systemic administration of Melanotan , intravenous injection rather than intranasal administration of Melanotan can significantly induce Fos expression in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, and this response can be attenuated by pretreatment with the melanocortin antagonist SHU-9119. Electrophysiological recordings showed that intravenous injection of Melanotan can increase the firing rate of oxytocin neurons in the SON. This indicates that Melanotan has a regulatory effect on the oxytocin system related to social behavior in the nervous system, and its mechanism of action may be to regulate the activity and secretion of oxytocin neurons by activating specific receptors and signaling pathways.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch on obesity and metabolic health: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn terms of obesity and metabolic health, some studies used a genetic model of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-deficient mice and found that the melanocortin receptor agonist Melanotan can partially rescue the impaired thermogenic capacity of PACAP-deficient mice during cold adaptation. This indicates that PACAP may play a role upstream of the melanocortin system, regulating the sympathetic nerve activity of brown adipose tissue in mice, thereby having an impact on obesity and metabolic health \u003csup\u003e[13]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulation of metabolism and body temperature:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanotan also has a significant impact on the endocrine system. For example, intraperitoneal administration of Melanotan to mice can cause profound and transient hypometabolism\/hypothermia\u003csup\u003e[14]\u003c\/sup\u003e .Studies have shown that in mice lacking mast cells, the hypothermia caused by Melanotan is eliminated, suggesting that the participation of mast cells is required. Melanotan causes hypothermia in mice by activating mast cells and stimulating the histamine 1 receptor, and its mechanism of action involves the interaction of multiple endocrine factors and receptors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, as a synthetic substance that has attracted much attention, Melanotan exhibits unique characteristics in multiple fields. In the field of skin, by binding to specific receptors on melanocytes, it can effectively promote the production of melanin, providing a non-traditional tanning method for those who desire a healthy bronze complexion. Compared with tanning by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays, Melanotan can avoid the direct damage of ultraviolet rays to the skin and reduce the potential risks of sunburn, skin aging, and even skin cancer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFrom the perspective of sexual function regulation, Melanotan has a positive effect on stimulating spontaneous penile erection and enhancing sexual stimulation. This is a potential effective solution for some individuals with sexual dysfunction or those who hope to improve their sexual experience. It can achieve a positive impact on sexual function by activating specific neural pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems and regulating related neurotransmitters and receptors, providing new possibilities for improving sexual health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the research on obesity and metabolic health, Melanotan also shows potential advantages. It may be able to regulate energy metabolism and body temperature and has a certain improvement effect on the impaired function of adipose tissue in obesity. It provides a new research direction for the treatment of obesity and the management of metabolic health, which is helpful for the development of new treatment strategies and the improvement of the health status of obese patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Langan E A, Nie Z, Rhodes L E. Melanotropic peptides: more than just 'Barbie drugs' and 'sun-tan jabs'?[J]. British Journal of Dermatology, 2010,163(3):451-455.DOI:10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09891.x.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Humphrey S M, Oo T, Barnetson S C. Clinical potential of Melanotan® (NDP-α-MSH) in skin protection -: current status and future perspective[J]. Experimental Dermatology, 2004,13(9):578.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Perez-Bootello J, Cova-Martin R, Naharro-Rodriguez J, et al. Vitiligo: Pathogenesis and New and Emerging Treatments[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023,24(24).DOI:10.3390\/ijms242417306.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Kim E S, Garnock-Jones K P. Afamelanotide: A Review in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria[J]. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 2016,17(2):179-185.DOI:10.1007\/s40257-016-0184-6.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Minder A, Schneider-Yin X, Zulewski H, et al. Afamelanotide Is Associated with Dose-Dependent Protective Effect from Liver Damage Related to Erythropoietic Protoporphyria[J]. Life-Basel, 2023,13(4).DOI:10.3390\/life13041066.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Dorr R T, Ertl G, Levine N, et al. Effects of a superpotent melanotropic peptide in combination with solar UV radiation on tanning of the skin in human volunteers[J]. Archives of Dermatology, 2004,140(7):827-835.DOI:10.1001\/archderm.140.7.827.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Reid C, Fitzgerald T, Fabre A, et al. Atypical melanocytic naevi following melanotan injection.[J]. Irish Medical Journal, 2013,106(5):148-149. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23914578\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Dominguez-Mozo M I, Toledano-Martinez E, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, et al. JC virus reactivation in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases treated with rituximab[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2016,45(6):507-511.DOI:10.3109\/03009742.2015.1135980.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[9] Wu V, Sykes E A, Beyea M M, et al. Approche à adopter pour la prise en charge de la maladie de Ménière. Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien, 2019,65(7):468-472. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31300427\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[10] McNeil M M, Nahhas A F, Braunberger T L, et al. Afamelanotide in the Treatment of Dermatologic Disease[J]. Skin Therapy Letter, 2018,23(6):6-10. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30517779\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46385033281726,"sku":null,"price":25.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Melanotan2.jpg?v=1781292927"},{"product_id":"melanotan-1","title":"Melanotan 1","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMelanotan 1 Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMelanotan I is an artificial peptide synthesized to mimic the structure of the human hormone alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Administered via subcutaneous injection, it works by stimulating melanocytes in the skin to produce and distribute melanin, darkening skin tone for a tanned appearance. This process is believed to boost the skin’s natural UV defense and reduce sun-induced damage. As a non-specific melanocortin receptor agonist, Melanotan I influences various physiological processes, including skin pigmentation regulation and potential relief of light sensitivity symptoms. \u003cbr\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003eSer-Tyr-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e78\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e111\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e21\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e19\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e1646.8 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e75921-69-6\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e16154396\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAfamelanotida; NDP-MSH\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eMelanotan-1 Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Melanotan-1?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanotan-1 is a synthetic analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). α-MSH is produced by specific cells in the human body and plays an important role in physiological processes such as pigmentation. In order to explore its applications in different fields, researchers developed Melanotan-1. In-depth research on α-MSH led to the birth of Melanotan-1. α-MSH is known to play a key role in stimulating the production of melanin, and Melanotan-1 was designed to have stronger activity and specific functions, such as in skin tanning and potential photoprotective effects\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is Melanotan-1?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanotan-1 is a synthetic analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. By binding to the MC1R on melanocytes, it stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin. It has shown significant efficacy in the treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria and also has potential application prospects in the treatment of other skin diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanotan-1 has the characteristic of a long-lasting effect. It can continuously stimulate melanocytes in the body to produce melanin, thus providing long-term therapeutic effects. Compared with some other treatment methods, Melanotan-1 does not require frequent administration, reducing the treatment burden on patients. In clinical studies, Melanotan-1 has shown good safety. Common adverse reactions include headache, nausea, vomiting, etc., but they are generally mild and can be relieved through appropriate treatment. In addition, Melanotan-1 has little toxicity to important organs such as the liver and kidneys, providing a certain safety guarantee for its clinical application.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the specific mechanism by which Melanotan-1 prevents sun damage?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanin in the skin plays a role in absorbing ultraviolet rays and free radicals, thus protecting the skin from ultraviolet damage. Ultraviolet radiation can cause mutations in the genes of skin cells and is the main cause of various skin cancers. The presence of melanin can reduce the direct exposure of ultraviolet rays to skin cells and lower the risk of gene mutations. After the skin is exposed to ultraviolet rays, it will cause an increase in the activity of melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptors, resulting in an increase in eumelanin in epidermal melanocytes. As an analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, Melanotan-1 can mimic this process and promote the production of melanin\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e . By increasing the melanin content in the skin, Melanotan-1 can reduce the direct damage of ultraviolet rays to skin cells. Studies have shown that after using Melanotan-1, the skin's tolerance to ultraviolet rays is enhanced, and the occurrence of sunburn is reduced. Compared with traditional tanning methods such as sun tanning and the use of tanning products, Melanotan-1 has some unique advantages. Sun tanning requires long-term exposure to the sun, which is likely to cause skin sunburn, aging, and an increased risk of skin cancer. The use of tanning products may have problems such as skin irritation and allergies caused by chemical components. Melanotan-1, through subcutaneous injection, can more precisely control the production of melanin and reduce the adverse effects on the skin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the specific mechanism of action of Melanotan-1 in the treatment of vitiligo?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStimulating melanin production: Melanotan-1 can stimulate melanocytes to produce melanin. Melanin is an important substance that determines skin color. In patients with vitiligo, due to damaged or abnormal melanocytes, white patches appear on the skin. Melanotan-1 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes and increases the synthesis of melanin by activating specific signaling pathways \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eRegulating the immune system: Vitiligo is considered an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system abnormally attacks melanocytes. Melanotan-1 may play a role in regulating the immune system and reducing the attack on melanocytes. It may regulate the immune response by influencing the activity and function of immune cells, thus relieving the symptoms of vitiligo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAntioxidant effect: Oxidative stress also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Melanotan-1 may have certain antioxidant capacity and reduce the damage of oxidative stress to melanocytes. It can neutralize free radicals, protect melanocytes from oxidative damage, and help maintain the normal function of melanocytes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat research data support the specific effects of Melanotan-1 in the treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eErythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a hereditary porphyrin metabolic disorder in which patients experience acute phototoxic reactions, severely affecting their quality of life. As a synthetic analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, Melanotan-1 has the following research data to support its specific effects in the treatment of EPP:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eImproving light tolerance: In multiple clinical studies, Melanotan-1 has been proven to improve the light tolerance of EPP patients. For example, in the Phase III trial CUV039, treatment with Melanotan-1 improved the light tolerance of EPP patients. Compared with the placebo, treatment with Melanotan-1 enabled patients to spend more time in direct sunlight without pain and increased the time until the initial symptoms of phototoxicity caused by a standardized light source appeared\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eImproving quality of life: Multiple studies have shown that treatment with Melanotan-1 can improve the quality of life of EPP patients. In different clinical trials, after receiving Melanotan-1 treatment, patients' quality of life was evaluated using validated questionnaires, and the results showed an improvement in quality of life \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eProtective effect on liver function: Studies have found that Melanotan-1 may have a protective effect on the liver function of EPP patients. In a retrospective observational study, 2933 liver function tests, 1186 protoporphyrin concentration tests, and 1659 Melanotan-1 implant applications of 70 EPP patients were included. The results showed that as the number of days since the last Melanotan-1 implant increased, the protoporphyrin (PPIX) concentration increased significantly (p \u0026lt; 0.0001); while in the past 365 days, as the Melanotan-1 dose increased, alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and bilirubin decreased significantly (p = 0.012, p = 0.0299). This indicates that Melanotan-1 has a dose-dependent protective effect on the liver function of EPP patients\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg class=\"shrinkToFit\" height=\"824\" width=\"1647\" alt=\"https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/life\/life-13-01066\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/life-13-01066-g001.png\" src=\"https:\/\/mdpi-res.com\/life\/life-13-01066\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/life-13-01066-g001.png\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorrelation of PPIX and liver parameters. Diagram (A): Histograms (green) show the distribution of the laboratory data. The pairwise comparisons for all laboratory data are displayed. Diagram (B): The statistical data for each test, including mean, SD, median, minimum, and maximum, are displayed.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Australian company EpiTan has conducted research on a new topical formulation of Melanotan (Ⅰ): \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanotan (Ⅰ) is an analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, used to prevent sun damage. It stimulates the production of melanin, darkens the skin, and thus protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThere are three clinical studies that have verified the safety of Melanotan-1. In the first study, 4 subjects were randomly assigned to receive Melanotan-1 (0.08mg\/kg subcutaneous injection per day), and another 4 subjects received isotonic sodium chloride (9%) solution injection for 10 days, followed by UV-B light irradiation at 3 times the minimum erythema dose (MED) on the neck.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe results showed that 3 out of 4 subjects who received Melanotan-1 achieved tanning, and the number of sunburned cells in the irradiated neck area of these subjects decreased by 47% (Dorr RT).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the second study, the dose of MT-1 was increased to 0.16mg\/kg per day for 10 days.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDuring (n = 7) or after (n = 5) the MT-1 administration period, the buttock area was exposed to UV-B radiation (0.25 - 0.75 MED). The results showed that the higher dose of MT-1 darkened more skin areas (Dorr RT).In the third study, 8 subjects were randomly assigned to receive half-back sunlight exposure for 3 - 5 days or sunlight exposure plus 0.16mg\/kg of MT-1, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The results showed that the back tanning in the MT-1 group was significantly enhanced, and this tanning effect lasted at least 3 weeks longer than that of the control group that only received sunlight exposure, while the control group needed 50% more sunlight exposure time to achieve the same degree of tanning \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe application of Melanotan-1 in melanoma research:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanoma is a highly malignant skin tumor, and current treatment methods include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. As an MCR agonist, Melanotan-1 may play a potential therapeutic role by regulating the growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of melanoma cells. Some studies have shown that Melanotan-1 can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells and induce the apoptosis of melanoma cells \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhich diseases can Melanotan-1 be used to treat?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eErythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP): \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eErythropoietic protoporphyria is a hereditary porphyria caused by low ferrochelatase activity, leading to the accumulation of protoporphyrin in red blood cells, plasma, liver, and skin. Patients are usually sensitive to sunlight, and when exposed to the sun, they will experience symptoms such as skin pain, itching, erythema, and blisters. Melanotan-1 reduces the symptoms of EPP patients by stimulating the production of melanin in the skin and increasing the skin's protection against ultraviolet rays. Studies have shown that Melanotan-1 can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of phototoxic reactions in EPP patients and improve their quality of life \u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCongenital erythropoietic porphyria (CIPA):\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCongenital erythropoietic porphyria is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease, mainly caused by mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene, leading to abnormal porphyrin metabolism. Patients are extremely sensitive to light, and their skin and eyes are easily damaged. Melanotan-1 can also provide certain protection against ultraviolet rays for CIPA patients by increasing the production of skin melanin and reducing their symptoms\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSolar urticaria:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFor patients with solar urticaria, Melanotan-1 can also enhance the skin's protection against ultraviolet rays and reduce the frequency and severity of urticaria symptoms \u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolymorphous light eruption (PMLE):\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStudies have shown that Melanotan-1 also has a certain therapeutic effect on PMLE patients, which can reduce the occurrence of rashes and improve the quality of life of patients\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitiligo: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanotan-1 may play a certain role in promoting the repigmentation of vitiligo patients by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes. Although there are relatively few studies on its application in the treatment of vitiligo at present, the preliminary results show certain potential\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcne: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe therapeutic effect of Melanotan-1 on acne may be related to its regulation of the immune system and reduction of the inflammatory response. Some studies have found that Melanotan-1 can relieve the inflammatory symptoms of acne and promote the healing of skin lesions\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHailey-Hailey disease: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMelanotan-1 has also shown certain therapeutic effects in the treatment of Hailey-Hailey disease. This rare skin disease is characterized by repeated blisters and erosions on the skin. Melanotan-1 may improve the symptoms of patients by regulating the function of skin cells\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, as a synthetic analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), Melanotan-1 (melanotan I) is of great significance in the field of skin health. It can increase the melanin content in the skin, helping the skin better resist the damage of ultraviolet rays, thus preventing sunburn, reducing skin aging, and lowering the risk of skin cancer. By activating the melanocortin receptor, Melanotan-1 promotes the production and distribution of melanin, forming a natural \"sunscreen\" to protect skin cells from DNA damage induced by ultraviolet rays and the damage of free radicals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the treatment of skin diseases, Melanotan-1 also shows potential application value. For pigmentation disorders such as vitiligo, it can stimulate the activity of melanocytes and promote the synthesis of melanin, helping to restore the normal pigmentation of the skin. In addition, it also has certain potential in the treatment of diseases with uneven pigmentation such as melasma. By regulating the distribution and metabolism of melanin, it can improve the skin color and uniformity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs a polypeptide substance, Melanotan-1 is gradually receiving more attention and research in the fields of dermatology and cosmetology, providing people with a new option to deal with skin pigment-related problems. It should be noted that the medical application of Melanotan-1 still requires rigorous evaluation. Currently, most studies have a small sample size and limited long-term safety data. However, with the development of new sustained-release formulations and local drug delivery systems, its prospects for clinical translation are promising.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Langan E A, Nie Z, Rhodes L E. Melanotropic peptides: more than just 'Barbie drugs' and 'sun-tan jabs'?[J]. British Journal of Dermatology, 2010,163(3):451-455.DOI:10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09891.x.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Humphrey S M, Oo T, Barnetson S C. Clinical potential of Melanota® (NDP-α-MSH) in skin protection -: current status and future perspective[J]. Experimental Dermatology, 2004,13(9):578.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Perez-Bootello J, Cova-Martin R, Naharro-Rodriguez J, et al. Vitiligo: Pathogenesis and New and Emerging Treatments[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023,24(24).DOI:10.3390\/ijms242417306.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Kim E S, Garnock-Jones K P. Afamelanotide: A Review in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria[J]. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 2016,17(2):179-185.DOI:10.1007\/s40257-016-0184-6.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Minder A, Schneider-Yin X, Zulewski H, et al. Afamelanotide Is Associated with Dose-Dependent Protective Effect from Liver Damage Related to Erythropoietic Protoporphyria[J]. Life-Basel, 2023,13(4).DOI:10.3390\/life13041066.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Dorr R T, Ertl G, Levine N, et al. Effects of a superpotent melanotropic peptide in combination with solar UV radiation on tanning of the skin in human volunteers[J]. Archives of Dermatology, 2004,140(7):827-835.DOI:10.1001\/archderm.140.7.827.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Reid C, Fitzgerald T, Fabre A, et al. Atypical melanocytic naevi following melanotan injection.[J]. Irish Medical Journal, 2013,106(5):148-149. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23914578\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Dominguez-Mozo M I, Toledano-Martinez E, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, et al. JC virus reactivation in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases treated with rituximab[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2016,45(6):507-511.DOI:10.3109\/03009742.2015.1135980.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[9] Wu V, Sykes E A, Beyea M M, et al. Approche à adopter pour la prise en charge de la maladie de Ménière. Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien, 2019,65(7):468-472. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31300427\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[10] McNeil M M, Nahhas A F, Braunberger T L, et al. Afamelanotide in the Treatment of Dermatologic Disease[J]. Skin Therapy Letter, 2018,23(6):6-10. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30517779\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46385068048574,"sku":null,"price":25.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Melanotan1.jpg?v=1781292881"},{"product_id":"dsip","title":"DSIP","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDSIP Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is an endogenous peptide substance closely associated with central nervous system rhythms. Its primary functions involve regulating circadian rhythms, maintaining neuroendocrine balance, and stabilizing central nervous system activity. Research suggests that DSIP may participate in sleep-related regulatory processes by influencing neurotransmitter release and neural network activity. Its mechanisms involve signaling pathways in the hypothalamus and related central regions, affecting neural rhythms and endocrine feedback. In studies of sleep mechanisms, neural rhythms, and central homeostasis, DSIP serves as a crucial subject for understanding the regulation of neural rhythms.\u003cbr\u003e    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 138.867px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-left sm:table-cell sm:p-2 sm:border-t sm:border-gray-300 dark:sm:border-gray-300\/20 pb-1 pl-2 sm:align-middle\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"break-words space-y-1\"\u003eSer-Tyr-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e35\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e15\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e848.8 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e62568-57-4\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e3623358\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDelta Sleep Inducing Peptide; Emideltide\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"tab-description\" class=\"tab-content active\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"text-wrap-mode: wrap;\"\u003eDSIP \u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eResearch\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of DSIP?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the 1970s, there was a boom in sleep research, and scientists were eager to decipher the mysteries of sleep regulation. In 1977, the Swiss chemist Schönenberg and his team accidentally discovered DSIP while studying the sleep patterns of rabbits. It is a non-peptide composed of nine amino acids, which is produced in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. During this period, significant breakthroughs were made in peptide science. American scientist Kastin and Dutch scientist de Wied proposed the view that peptides could cross the blood-brain barrier, laying the foundation for subsequent research on DSIP. After all, the brain is tightly protected by the blood-brain barrier, and most substances are difficult to enter. If DSIP can cross this barrier, it will greatly affect its role in the brain's sleep regulation mechanism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubsequent studies have found that DSIP exists not only in specific areas of the brain but also in the limbic system in free or bound forms, as well as in a variety of peripheral organs, tissues, and body fluids. For example, in the pituitary gland, it is co-localized with a variety of peptides and non-peptide mediators such as adrenocorticotropic hormone. In intestinal secretory cells and the pancreas, it coexists with glucagon. This widespread distribution suggests that DSIP may have diverse and complex functions. Initially, DSIP was regarded as a sleep peptide. With the deepening of research, it has been found that its impact on the body is not limited to sleep. Some studies have shown that it may play a role in the stress response and pain perception, and has the potential characteristics of relieving anxiety and reducing pain, but these effects still need to be verified by more research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of DSIP?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulation of sleep and wakefulness\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfluencing the sleep and wakefulness cycle: A number of studies have shown that DSIP has a significant regulatory effect on sleep and wakefulness. For example, in a study, a 35-year-old male narcolepsy patient was repeatedly injected with DSIP, and was evaluated through self-report, performance tests, multiple sleep latency tests, and all-night polysomnography. It was found that DSIP reduced the frequency of sleep attacks, increased daytime activity, alertness, and performance\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. DSIP compressed the sleep cycle and enhanced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The results indicate that these effects are due to DSIP enhancing the circadian rhythm and ultradian rhythm. DSIP may promote the physiological mechanisms of peripheral preparation related to sleep onset.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegulating sleep structure: DSIP not only affects the frequency and duration of sleep but also has an impact on the sleep structure. It can enhance REM sleep, indicating its important role in regulating different stages of sleep.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological effects\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffects on thermoregulation, heart rate, blood pressure, pain threshold, and the lymphokine system: In addition to promoting sleep under specific conditions in animals, DSIP has a variety of physiological effects. For example, DSIP can affect thermoregulation, heart rate, blood pressure, pain threshold, and the lymphokine system \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. These effects of DSIP depend on the circadian rhythm cycle, and some effects appear before the signs of neural or behavioral sleep. This suggests that DSIP may initiate the physiological mechanisms of peripheral preparation before sleep onset.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntioxidant effect\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies have found that subcutaneous injection of exogenous DSIP (100μg\/kg body weight, injected for 5 consecutive days) in rats aged 2 - 24 months can effectively prevent the oxidative damage of lipids and the accumulation of malondialdehyde in the tissues and plasma of rats of different ages\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e . DSIP has a powerful antioxidant effect, which is achieved by activating various endogenous antioxidant protection mechanisms in intracellular and intercellular fluids. DSIP has a stimulating effect on the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ceruloplasmin, and affects the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as urea and uric acid. With the physiological aging of organisms, the antioxidant protection mechanisms will be inhibited, while DSIP can increase the ability of the endogenous antioxidant protection system in tissues and blood, mainly by stimulating the components of the enzymatic antioxidant system, especially in the later stage of individual development.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of DSIP?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of insomnia\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a study, DSIP injection treatment was carried out on insomnia patients. The results showed that a single injection of DSIP at a dose of 25nmol\/kg body weight before sleep could improve sleep. Repeated administration showed that the sleep structure normalized after four administrations. Repeated injection in the morning, in addition to increasing daytime activity, still had a strong positive impact on nighttime sleep, but the effect of twice-daily dosing was not good. In cases of insomnia caused by organic brain diseases, high doses of DSIP responded well\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of narcolepsy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA 35-year-old male narcolepsy patient was repeatedly injected with DSIP in a study. The effects of DSIP on wakefulness and sleep were evaluated through self-report, performance tests, multiple sleep latency tests, and all-night polysomnography. The results showed that DSIP reduced the frequency of sleep attacks, increased daytime activity, alertness, and performance. DSIP compressed the sleep time and enhanced REM sleep. The study results indicate that these effects are due to DSIP emphasizing the circadian rhythm and ultradian rhythm\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of alcohol and opiate withdrawal syndromes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical treatment effects: Based on the results of animal studies, that is, the direct injection of morphine, alcohol, pentobarbital, and DSIP into the bulboreticular formation-midbrain-thalamus recruitment system can induce slow-wave sleep and a large number of spindle waves, and this effect can be reversed by naloxone. It is speculated that DSIP has agonistic activity on opioid receptors and may be valuable in the treatment of withdrawal syndromes[3]. After intravenous injection of DSIP for the treatment of 107 hospitalized patients with alcohol (n = 47) or opiate (n = 60) withdrawal symptoms, the clinical evaluations by doctors and nurses showed that 97% and 87% of opiate and alcohol addicts, respectively, had their clinical symptoms and signs disappear or significantly improve after DSIP administration, and the relief of anxiety symptoms was relatively slow. Opiate addicts had longer-lasting clinical symptoms and required more DSIP injections \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhich patients can DSIP provide adjuvant effects for?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients with sleep disorders: DSIP can induce and regulate sleep. For patients with insomnia, including those with difficulty falling asleep, light sleep, and easy waking up, it may help improve sleep quality, extend sleep time, and help them fall asleep faster and maintain a more stable sleep. In addition, for people whose sleep rhythm is disrupted due to jet lag, shift work, etc., DSIP may also help adjust the sleep cycle and restore a normal sleep pattern.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients with nervous system diseases: Some nervous system diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease are often accompanied by sleep disorders and abnormal nerve functions. In addition to improving sleep, DSIP may also have a certain protective effect on nerve cells, helping to relieve some symptoms of nervous system diseases and improve the quality of life of patients. For example, in Parkinson's disease patients, improving sleep may help reduce daytime fatigue and movement disorders.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients with stress-related diseases: People who are under long-term stress, such as patients with mental and psychological diseases like anxiety disorders and depression, often have sleep problems and their bodies are in a state of chronic stress. DSIP can regulate the body's stress response by regulating sleep, helping to relieve emotional symptoms such as anxiety and depression and improving the overall state of patients. At the same time, for some physical function disorders caused by stress, such as digestive disorders and decreased immune function, DSIP may also play a certain adjuvant improvement role by improving sleep and regulating the stress response.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, DSIP plays a key role in the field of sleep regulation. It can effectively improve the sleep quality of insomnia patients and extend their sleep time. For narcolepsy patients, it can reduce the frequency of sleep attacks and improve daytime activity and alertness.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]  Schneider-Helmert D. Effects of DSIP on narcolepsy[J]. European Neurology, 1984,23(5):353-357.DOI:10.1159\/000115713.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]  Yehuda S, Carasso R L. DSIP—A tool for investigating the sleep onset mechanism - a review[J]. International Journal of Neuroscience, 1988,38(3-4):345-353.DOI:10.3109\/00207458808990695.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3]  Dick P, Costa C, Fayolle K, et al. DSIP in the treatment of withdrawal syndromes from alcohol and opiates[J]. European Neurology, 1984,23(5):364-371.DOI:10.1159\/000115715.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4]  Bondarenko T I, Maiboroda E A, Mikhaleva I I, et al. Mechanism of geroprotective action of delta-sleep inducing peptide[J]. Advances in Gerontology, 2011,1(4):328-339.DOI:10.1134\/S2079057011040035.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46385081647294,"sku":null,"price":30.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/DSIP.jpg?v=1781292822"},{"product_id":"cjc-1295-with-dac","title":"CJC-1295 (With DAC)","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCJC-1295 (With DAC) Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_wc_description et_pb_wc_description_0_tb_body et_pb_bg_layout_light  et_pb_text_align_left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et_pb_module_inner\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3 prod_new_active3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_0\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCJC 1295 With DAC is a medically significant synthetic peptide hormone. It comprises the 30 - amino - acid CJC 1295 peptide combined with a Drug Affinity Complex (DAC), enhancing stability and bioavailability and extending its half - life to 6 - 8 days.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIt's highly valued in life sciences and related fields. It promotes cell growth and repair, speeds up wound healing, aids muscle repair and regeneration in sports medicine, shortening recovery. In growth hormone deficiency treatment, it improves growth retardation, promotes height growth in young people, enhances adults' quality of life, and optimizes body composition with more muscle and less fat.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCJC 1295 With DAC offers new solutions for growth - hormone - related issues. For those with reduced growth hormone secretion due to aging, it may improve aging - related symptoms like increased bone density, enhanced muscle strength, and improved skin elasticity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCompared to traditional growth hormone treatments, CJC 1295 With DAC has advantages. Its unique DAC binding enables a single dose to stimulate growth hormone secretion for days, reducing dosing frequency and improving patient compliance. Also, it has good safety and tolerability with few adverse reactions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 172.133px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 52.8667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 52.8667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 52.8667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eH-Tyr-D-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-Phe-Thr-Gln-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Val-Leu-Ala-Gln-Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Gln-Asp-Ile-Leu-Ser-Arg-NH2\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e152\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e252\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e44\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e3367.9 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e446262-90-4\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e91976842\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCJC1295 With DAC\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eCJC1295 With DAC Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of CJC1295 With DAC?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe application of traditional growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) in treatment is limited by its short duration of action. This has prompted researchers to seek more long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone analogs to improve treatment efficacy and convenience. With people's pursuit of health and beauty, public online folk pharmacology has provided the impetus for shortcuts to achieve muscle enhancement, fat reduction, and youthful skin. Against this backdrop, synthetic growth hormone analogs such as CJC1295 With DAC have attracted attention. Research shows that forum users demonstrate proficiency and experience in its multi-purpose use, and the purposes for choosing to use such substances include weight loss, muscle enhancement, skin rejuvenation, improved sleep, and wound healing, etc\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. As a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone analog, the development of CJC1295 With DAC is based on an in-depth understanding of the regulatory mechanism of growth hormone. Although most children with isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency have a good growth response to GHRH, the half-life of GHRH is extremely short, limiting its therapeutic effect. To address this issue, researchers have developed CJC1295 With DAC, a long-acting GHRH analog. Studies have shown that it incorporates a functional maleimide group at the C-terminus, allowing it to covalently bind to plasma proteins such as serum albumin, thereby increasing its half-life and being able to stimulate growth hormone production in humans for more than six days after a single administration \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of CJC1295 With DAC in the treatment of specific diseases?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStimulating growth hormone release:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCJC1295 With DAC is a peptide-based drug that can stimulate the production of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland \u003csup\u003e[2, 3]\u003c\/sup\u003e It incorporates a functional maleimide group at the C-terminus, allowing it to covalently bind to plasma proteins such as serum albumin. This binding gives the CJC1295-protein conjugate a much longer half-life and enables it to stimulate GH production in humans for more than six days after a single administration. Studies have shown that subcutaneous injection of CJC1295 With DAC can lead to a sustained, dose-dependent increase in the levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in healthy adults \u003csup\u003e[2, 3]\u003c\/sup\u003e After a single injection of CJC1295 With DAC, the average plasma GH concentration increased by 2-10 times and lasted for 6 days or longer, and the average plasma IGF-I concentration increased by 1.5-3 times and lasted for 9-11 days. The estimated half-life of CJC1295 With DAC is 5.8-8.1 days. After multiple administrations, the average IGF-I level remained above the baseline level for up to 28 days.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe role in growth hormone deficiency:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn animal models with growth hormone (GH) deficiency, CJC1295 With DAC has shown positive effects. For mice with GHRH gene ablation, animals receiving a daily dose of CJC1295 With DAC showed normal body weight and body length\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e Mice treated every 48 and 72 hours had higher body weight and body length than placebo-treated animals. Although complete normalization of growth was not achieved, some improvement was also demonstrated. In all treatment groups, the relative lean mass and subcutaneous fat mass were normal. CJC1295 With DAC also caused an increase in total pituitary RNA and GH mRNA, indicating the growth of somatotroph cells, a result confirmed by immunohistochemical images.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow does CJC1295 With DAC achieve a more sustained effect in terms of structure?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCovalent binding with serum albumin:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCJC-1295 incorporates a functional maleimide group at the C-terminus, which allows the substance to covalently bind to plasma proteins such as serum albumin \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e This conjugation enables CJC-1295 to remain active in the blood, and its duration of action is significantly longer than that of non-conjugated peptide drugs that are rapidly excreted. Once bound to serum albumin, CJC-1295 forms a relatively stable complex, thus prolonging its duration of action in the body. For example, when the maleimide group of CJC-1295 covalently binds to the free throat on serum albumin, its half-life in the blood is greatly increased. This conjugation method is unique among performance-enhancing peptides and lays the foundation for the sustained effect of CJC-1295 \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving stability:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThree maleimide derivatives were synthesized by modifying the human growth hormone-releasing factor(hGRF), among which CJC-1295 is a tetra-substituted form of hGRF (1-29), with the Nε-3-maleimidopropionamide derivative of lysine added at the C-terminus \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.This structure makes CJC-1295 have enhanced in vitro stability against dipeptidyl peptidase-IV. In the growth hormone secretion analysis of cultured rat anterior pituitary cells, all three human serum albumin conjugates were biologically active. When the maleimide derivatives were subcutaneously injected alone into normal male Sprague Dawley rats, acute growth hormone secretion was detected in the plasma. Among them, CJC-1295 showed a 4-fold increase in the area under the growth hormone curve compared with hGRF (1-29) within 2 hours. In addition, Western blot analysis of the plasma of rats injected with CJC-1295 showed the presence of CJC-1295 immunoreactive substance in the band corresponding to serum albumin, which appeared 15 minutes after injection and persisted in the circulation for more than 24 hours. These results indicate that CJC-1295 is a stable and active hGRF (1-29) analog with an extended plasma half-life \u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg data-original=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" data-src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" class=\"lazyloaded\" src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\"\u003e\u003cimg title=\"2\" alt=\"2\" width=\"700\" height=\"551\" border=\"0\" style=\"width: 700px; height: 551px;\" data-original=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lrBpiKirljSRjloloqkpkq\/2.png\" data-src=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lrBpiKirljSRjloloqkpkq\/2.png\" class=\"lazyloaded\" src=\"https:\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lrBpiKirljSRjloloqkpkq\/2.png\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect of CJC-1295 on total body wt (TBW; means±SE). At the end of the 5-wk treatment period, the CJC\/24 h group exhibited completely normal TBW. CJC\/48 h and CJC\/72 h groups reached a significantly higher TBW compared with the GHRHKO\/pbo group, although it remained smaller than in the HTZ\/pbo group.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the clinical applications of CJC1295 With DAC?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCJC1295 With DAC can effectively stimulate the secretion of growth hormone (GH). Multiple studies have shown that this drug can increase the average plasma GH concentration in healthy adults in a dose-dependent manner \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. For example, in a study of healthy subjects, subjects aged between 21 and 61 years old had an average plasma GH concentration increase of 2-10 times for 6 days or longer after receiving subcutaneous injection of CJC1295 With DAC. This effect of stimulating growth hormone secretion is of great significance for patients with growth hormone deficiency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFor children with growth hormone deficiency, although most children have a good growth response to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), the short half-life of GHRH limits its clinical application. As a long-acting GHRH analog, CJC1295 With DAC can selectively covalently bind to endogenous albumin, thus prolonging its half-life and duration of action. In the study of GHRH gene knockout (GHRHKO) mice, it was found that once-daily administration of CJC1295 With DAC can maintain the normal body weight and body length of mice, indicating that this drug has potential application value in the treatment of childhood growth hormone deficiency\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCJC1295 With DAC can not only stimulate growth hormone secretion but also increase the level of insulin-like growth factor I. In clinical studies, after a single injection of CJC1295 With DAC, the average plasma IGF-I concentration in healthy adults increased by 1.5-3 times within 9-11 days. And after multiple administrations, the average IGF-I level can remain above the baseline for up to 28 days \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. IGF-I has a variety of important physiological functions in the human body, including promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, and regulating metabolism, etc. Therefore, increasing the level of IGF-I may have a positive effect on the treatment of various diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the potential applications of CJC1295 With DAC in clinical and related fields?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth hormone deficiency: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCJC1295 With DAC can continuously stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete growth hormone. For patients with insufficient growth hormone secretion due to various reasons, especially children and adolescents, it can effectively improve the condition of growth and development retardation and promote height growth. In the treatment of growth hormone deficiency, traditional growth hormone replacement therapy has achieved certain results, but CJC1295 With DAC has unique advantages. It can covalently bind to endogenous albumin, thus prolonging its half-life and duration of action\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. For example, in the study of GHRH gene knockout mice, it was found that the daily administration of CJC-1295 treatment can maintain the normal body composition and growth of GHRHKO mice, including normal body weight, body length, relative lean mass, and subcutaneous fat mass, and at the same time can also cause an increase in total pituitary RNA and GH mRNA, confirming the proliferation of growth hormone-secreting cells (Alba M, 2006).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFor adult patients with growth hormone deficiency, CJC1295 With DAC can not only improve body composition, increase muscle mass, and reduce body fat but also improve the quality of life. Growth hormone also plays an important role in the adult body. It is involved in the metabolic regulation of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. The lack of growth hormone will lead to problems such as increased body fat, decreased muscle mass, and reduced bone density. The use of CJC1295 With DAC can correct these abnormalities to a certain extent and improve the physical condition of patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-aging: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWith the increase of age, the secretion of human growth hormone gradually decreases, which will trigger a series of aging-related changes. CJC1295 With DAC has potential application value in anti-aging. It can increase the secretion of growth hormone to a certain extent, which is helpful to improve the decline of physical functions related to aging. For example, it can increase bone density. Growth hormone can promote the activity of osteoblasts, increase bone mass, and prevent osteoporosis; enhance muscle strength. Growth hormone can stimulate muscle protein synthesis, increase muscle mass and strength; improve skin elasticity and luster. Growth hormone may make the skin more firm and elastic by promoting collagen synthesis\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSports medicine and rehabilitation: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eCJC1295 With DAC has potential applications in the rehabilitation of sports injuries and the improvement of athletic performance. It can promote muscle repair and regeneration and accelerate wound healing. When an athlete is injured, the body needs to repair the damaged tissue as soon as possible to restore athletic ability. Growth hormone plays an important role in this process. It can stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, promote protein synthesis, and accelerate the repair of muscles and other tissues\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. At the same time, CJC1295 With DAC may increase muscle strength and endurance and enhance athletic ability. Growth hormone can increase muscle mass and improve the contractile ability of muscles, thereby enhancing the strength and endurance of athletes\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMetabolic diseases:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFor some metabolic diseases such as obesity and insulin resistance, CJC1295 With DAC may affect energy metabolism and fat distribution and improve insulin sensitivity by regulating the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis. Obesity is a common metabolic disease, and its occurrence is related to the imbalance between energy intake and consumption. Growth hormone can promote fat breakdown and increase energy consumption, thus helping to control body weight. Insulin resistance refers to the decrease in the body's sensitivity to insulin, leading to an increase in blood sugar levels. Growth hormone can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar levels\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, CJC1295 With DAC has shown positive effects in multiple aspects in the field of growth hormone regulation. It has important value not only in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency but also in sports medicine and rehabilitation and anti-aging research. Its long-acting mechanism of action reduces the frequency of administration, and its good safety and tolerability also provide strong support for its clinical application. Although it is still in the research stage in some fields such as anti-aging, the effects already demonstrated are sufficient to prove its unique advantages and broad application prospects in the field of life sciences and related fields.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Van Hout M C, Hearne E. Netnography of Female Use of the Synthetic Growth Hormone CJC-1295: Pulses and Potions[J]. Substance Use \u0026amp; Misuse, 2016,51(1):73-84.DOI:10.3109\/10826084.2015.1082595.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Timms M, Ganio K, Steel R. A method for confirming CJC-1295 abuse in equine plasma samples by LC-MS\/MS[J]. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2019,11(8):1248-1257.DOI:10.1002\/dta.2599.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Teichman S L, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults[J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology \u0026amp; Metabolism, 2006,91(3):799-805.DOI:10.1210\/jc.2005-1536.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, et al. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse[J]. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006,291(6):E1290-E1294.DOI:10.1152\/ajpendo.00201.2006.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Timms M, Ganio K, Forbes G, et al. An immuno polymerase chain reaction screen for the detection of CJC-1295 and other growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogs in equine plasma[J]. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2019,11(6):804-812.DOI:10.1002\/dta.2554.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Jetté L, Léger R, Thibaudeau K, et al. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)\u003csub\u003e1-29\u003c\/sub\u003e-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats:: Identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog[J]. Endocrinology, 2005,146(7):3052-3058.DOI:10.1210\/en.2004-1286.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"5MG","offer_id":46469020975294,"sku":null,"price":40.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/CJC-1295wDAC.jpg?v=1781292760"},{"product_id":"sermorelin","title":"Sermorelin","description":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSermorelin Description\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_wc_description et_pb_wc_description_0_tb_body et_pb_bg_layout_light  et_pb_text_align_left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_0\" class=\"prod_describe_new3 prod_new_active3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSermorelin is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), exerting its effects by stimulating the pituitary gland to secrete the body’s natural growth hormone (GH). Its primary actions include promoting muscle growth, improving body composition, enhancing metabolism, and supporting tissue repair and regeneration. Unlike direct injection of synthetic growth hormone, Sermorelin maintains a physiological pulsatile release pattern of GH through natural stimulation of pituitary secretion, thereby reducing the risk of hormonal imbalance and offering a safer, more balanced approach to hormone replacement therapy. Additionally, Semorelin exhibits notable efficacy in promoting growth and development, particularly in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency, where it aids in improving muscle mass, reducing fat accumulation, and supporting overall health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_1\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 172.133px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 52.8667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 52.8667px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 52.8667px;\"\u003eH-Tyr-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-Phe-Thr-Asn-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Val-Leu-Gly-Gln-Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Leu-Leu-Gln-Asp-Ile-Met-Ser-Arg-NH2\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e149\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e246\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e44\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e3357.9 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e86168-78-7\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e16129620\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSermorelin (INN)；CHEBI: 9118\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eSermorelin Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is Sermorelin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSermorelin is a synthetic analog of growth hormone releasing factor (GHRF). Its core function is to bind to the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) receptors in the anterior pituitary gland, activate the intracellular signaling pathways (such as the cAMP\/PKA pathway), stimulate the synthesis and release of endogenous growth hormone (GH), and thus promote the growth and development of children. It is mainly used to treat primary growth hormone deficiency (growth suppression in children caused by insufficient pituitary function). By restoring GH secretion, it can improve height growth and metabolic function. Unlike recombinant human growth hormone, which directly supplements exogenous GH, Sermorelin relies on the pituitary gland's own secretion ability and is suitable for patients with normal pituitary function but insufficient GHRH.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Sermorelin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe research background of Sermorelin stems from the important role of growth hormone in human growth and development. Primary growth hormone deficiency can lead to growth suppression in children and affect their final height. Therefore, finding effective treatment methods has always been an important topic in medical research. Although recombinant human growth hormone has been used for many years and has led to substantial increases in the final height of children with growth hormone deficiency, with the deepening of medical research, people are also seeking more treatment options and optimized treatment regimens. Against this backdrop, Sermorelin, as a synthetic human growth hormone releasing factor, emerged. By stimulating the release of growth hormone, it has brought new hope for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency and promoted the growth and development of children.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of Action\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the specific mechanism of Sermorelin in treating primary growth hormone deficiency?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe basis of Sermorelin's action\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs a growth hormone releasing factor, Sermorelin mainly exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors. It mimics the function of the naturally occurring growth hormone releasing factor in the human body and stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release growth hormone. This mechanism of action is similar to that of other growth hormone stimulants, such as growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStimulating the release of growth hormone\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulatory role of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSermorelin is a synthetic human growth hormone releasing factor. Under normal circumstances, the secretion of growth hormone in the human body is strictly regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus secretes growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to synthesize and secrete growth hormone (GH). Sermorelin mimics the action of GHRH, binds to specific receptors in the hypothalamus, and promotes the pituitary gland to release growth hormone.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActivation of the signaling pathway\u003c\/strong\u003e: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAfter binding to the receptor, Sermorelin activates the intracellular signaling pathway. This may involve a series of enzymatic reactions and the second messenger system, ultimately leading to an increase in the synthesis and release of growth hormone. For example, it may activate adenylate cyclase, increase the intracellular cAMP level, and then activate protein kinase A, promoting the transcription and translation of the growth hormone gene.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects on growth hormone deficiency\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting growth and development:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eChildren with primary growth hormone deficiency usually show slow growth and short stature. Sermorelin compensates for the deficiency of growth hormone in the body by stimulating the release of growth hormone. Growth hormone can directly act on bones, muscles, and other tissues, promoting cell proliferation and differentiation, and thus promoting growth and development. Growth hormone can also stimulate organs such as the liver to synthesize insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and IGF-1 further exerts a growth-promoting effect.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving metabolic function: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone deficiency not only affects growth and development but may also lead to metabolic disorders. Sermorelin treatment can improve metabolic function, such as increasing protein synthesis, promoting fat breakdown, and enhancing glucose utilization. These metabolic changes help maintain the normal physiological functions of the body and improve the quality of life of patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg data-original=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" data-src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" class=\"lazyloaded\" src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\"\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg\u003e\u003cimg class=\"graphic zoom-in\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/6719\/4847312\/19bafeff82b0\/RU-53-50552-g001.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" height=\"586\" width=\"750\" alt=\"Fig. 1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeight-SDS variations in children with connective tissue diseases treated with biolog ical agents.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Semorelin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment of growth hormone deficiency: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePrimary growth hormone deficiency can lead to delayed growth and development in children and affect their final height. Recombinant human growth hormone has been used clinically for many years and has led to substantial increases in the final height of children with growth hormone deficiency. As a growth hormone releasing factor, Sermorelin also plays an important role in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSermorelin promotes the growth and development of children by stimulating the pituitary gland to secrete growth hormone. It can mimic the body's natural growth hormone release mechanism, increase growth hormone levels, and thus promote bone growth and physical development. Compared with recombinant human growth hormone, Sermorelin has some unique advantages. For example, it may have better tolerability and safety, reducing some potential side effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the therapeutic effect of Sermorelin in children with different types of chronic diseases or genetic syndromes?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren with chronic diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren with chronic inflammatory connective tissue diseases: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFor children with chronic inflammatory connective tissue diseases (CTD), such as juvenile spondyloarthropathy and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), due to direct musculoskeletal system inflammation and glucocorticoid treatment, growth rate suppression often occurs. Current treatments mainly use biological agents such as tumor necrosis factor-α blockers (etanercept, adalimumab, golimumab) and interleukin-6 receptor blockers (tocilizumab), which can gradually accelerate and normalize the growth rate of children by inhibiting inflammation and reducing the daily dose of glucocorticoids. However, there are currently no studies on the application and therapeutic effect of Sermorelin in such children\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren with chronic pneumonia: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eChronic pneumonia is more common in male children, more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas, and there are no obvious age or seasonal differences. Among children under 3 years old with underlying diseases, congenital tracheobronchopulmonary developmental malformations are common, while primary immunodeficiency diseases are more common in children aged 3 years and above. Bacterial infections, especially Gram-negative bacterial infections, are the main causes in all age groups\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the specific mechanism of Semorelin in treating growth suppression in children caused by primary growth hormone deficiency?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStimulating the release of growth hormone:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSermorelin is a synthetic human growth hormone releasing factor. Growth hormone releasing factors can bind to the growth hormone releasing factor receptors in the anterior pituitary gland, stimulating pituitary cells to synthesize and release growth hormone[3]. In this way, Sermorelin can increase the level of growth hormone in the body, thereby promoting the growth of children.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eUnder normal circumstances, the secretion of growth hormone is regulated by various factors, including growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin, neurotransmitters, etc. As an exogenous growth hormone releasing factor, Sermorelin can mimic the action of GHRH and promote the secretion of growth hormone.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluencing the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAfter the secretion of growth hormone increases, it acts on tissues such as the liver and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF). IGF is an important growth regulatory factor that can promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis, playing a key role in the growth and development of children[3].\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSermorelin indirectly promotes the synthesis and release of IGF by stimulating the secretion of growth hormone, thus further enhancing the growth-promoting effect. IGF can bind to IGF receptors on target cells, activate downstream signaling pathways, and promote cell growth and metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect on bone growth:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone and IGF have an important impact on bone growth. They can promote the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, increasing bone length and bone density[3]. Sermorelin treats growth suppression in children caused by primary growth hormone deficiency by increasing the levels of growth hormone and IGF, promoting bone growth and development.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn addition, growth hormone can also regulate the metabolism of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, maintaining the normal structure and function of bones. Sermorelin may further promote bone growth by influencing these metabolic processes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects on muscle and fat metabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eGrowth hormone and IGF not only affect bone growth but also have an impact on muscle and fat metabolism. Growth hormone can promote protein synthesis, increase muscle mass, and at the same time reduce fat accumulation[3]. Sermorelin treatment may improve the muscle and fat metabolism of children by increasing the level of growth hormone, promoting physical growth and development.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn addition, growth hormone can also regulate energy metabolism, increase the basal metabolic rate, and increase energy consumption. This helps maintain the normal weight and body composition of children and promotes healthy growth.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the related applications of Sermorelin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsed for the treatment of growth suppression in children:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs a synthetic analog of growth hormone releasing factor, Sermorelin indirectly promotes the secretion of endogenous growth hormone by activating the GHRH receptors in the anterior pituitary gland, significantly improving the height growth and metabolic function of children with primary growth hormone deficiency. Its significance lies in providing a treatment option with a physiological regulation mechanism for patients with normal pituitary function but insufficient GHRH, avoiding the risks of antibody reactions or metabolic disorders that may be brought about by exogenous growth hormone replacement therapy. Sermorelin has the advantages of relying on its own secretion, reducing hormonal impact, and being closer to the physiological regulation mode.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Swidrowska J, Zygmunt A, Biernacka-Zielinska M, et al. Influence of biologic therapy on growth in children with chronic inflammatory connective tissue diseases[J]. Reumatologia (Warsaw), 2015,53(1):14-20.DOI:10.5114\/reum.2015.50552.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Sijie Y, Jiangfeng O. Clinical analysis of 102 cases children with chronic pneumonia[J]. Journal of Modern Medicine and Health, 2019,35(12):1800-1803. https:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/kcms2\/article\/abstract?v=bEegF8awJvx1tuc8VX9mZWsnvku8OJf3MuA155FDI97duNJbDlT0BpqFrBjyXEORr9zmNdi7f9n51M5zS6v3ccNYGDIl_crUXos6V5MhYjUzV8NZaxoHVQnVZoB_FvN7hrZq7OLXrt_tDSd0mmMfeiuHoDq37r6raVNjZXCwj4IV5TxOlYAFg7GmsIw1HpJNE6VF_CEHjw=\u0026amp;uniplatform=NZKPT\u0026amp;language=CHS.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Li Ming. Growth hormone-releasing factor used in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency [J]. Chinese Pharmacist, 1999(06): 333. https:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/kcms2\/article\/abstract?v=bEegF8awJvyCUvydH2XgdIGr7pLvLM2eL7wOoSCfKs3gR77cpaEUGORQnJJ3l4BU_yyyXCohkE2UjpJI2ZKu5t_bAgmBgXMK5MRJMpt4ieJiS55PZv6llMK0foTlnsaYu1ETWfpCauLwyWWEtc7W5R4v1Ow5FMn0MdHZPR3wOfU_zWBMuCi3_GjoxcjsSOCn1Yii66eto=\u0026amp;uniplatform=NZKPT\u0026amp;language=CHS\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4]  Simon T J. Cognitive characteristics of children with genetic syndromes[J]. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2007,16(3):599.DOI:10.1016\/j.chc.2007.03.002.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46533510627518,"sku":null,"price":40.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Sermorelin.jpg?v=1781292633"},{"product_id":"ll-37","title":"LL-37","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eLL-37 Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eLL-37, the sole antimicrobial peptide in the human body, belongs to the catholicizing family, consists of 37 amino acids, and features an amphipathic α-helical structure. Primarily synthesized by neutrophils, it can also be secreted by macrophages, monocytes, keratinocytes, and other cell types. LL-37 plays a pivotal role in human immune defense, exhibiting multiple biological functions including broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, immunomodulation, and promotion of wound healing. It effectively inhibits gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses, enhances the body’s anti-infective capacity)by regulating chemotaxis of immune cells and secretion of inflammatory factors, and stimulates angiogenesis and tissue repair simultaneously. With advantages such as broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, low propensity for drug resistance, low cytotoxicity, and immunomodulatory functions, LL-37 demonstrates substantial potential, particularly in addressing antibiotic resistance. Research on LL-37 not only provides novel insights for developing new antibacterial and immunotherapeutic agents but also promotes in-depth exploration in the field of antimicrobial peptides, offering critical scientific evidence for solving issues related to infectious diseases, chronic wounds, and autoimmune disorders.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 172.133px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 52.8667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 52.8667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 52.8667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eH-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Lys-Ile-Gly-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Arg-Ile-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Thr-Glu-Ser-OH\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e205\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e340\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e60\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e53\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e4493 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e154947-66-7\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e16198951\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCathelicidin；ropocamptide\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eLL-37 Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of LL-37?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eLL-37 was first discovered as a class of cationic small peptide substances in the pupae of the silkworm Samia cynthia ricini by the Swedish scientist Boman H G in 1980. LL-37 is the C-terminal peptide (CAMP, hCAP18) of human cathelicidin antibacterial peptide, which can increase the resistance to microbial invasion and plays important physiological functions in chemotaxis, promoting wound closure, and angiogenesis (Chen X, 2018). Antibacterial peptides are widely present in animals, plants, and a small amount of microorganisms, and they are an important part of the innate immunity of vertebrates. As a secretory protein, LL-37 is widely present in multiple organs and tissues of the human body. Various cells, including epithelial cells, keratinocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes, can secrete it. Most of this kind of antibiotic contains 37 - 39 \"amino acid residues\" and has 0 cysteine. Due to the strong basicity at the N-terminal position of the antibacterial peptide, it can form a stable \"amphiphilic helical structure\". The antibacterial peptide LL-37 also has an \"amphiphilic α-helical structure\". Because of its function of killing pathogenic bacteria, it is named an antibacterial peptide. The \"37\" in the name LL-37 may be related to the number of its amino acid residues. At the same time, it is also known as cathelicidin and ropocamptide.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of LL-37 against antibiotic-resistant bacteria?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisrupting the bacterial cell membrane:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eLL-37 can insert into the bacterial cell membrane, especially having a destructive effect on the cell membrane containing phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG). It will disrupt the structure of the bacterial cell membrane, thus exerting a bactericidal effect\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. For example, studies have found that LL-37 can insert into the cell membranes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, leading to an increase in the permeability of the cell membrane, the leakage of cell contents, and ultimately the death of bacteria.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBroad-spectrum antibacterial activity: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eLL-37 has antibacterial activity against a variety of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It can act against Gram-positive bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, etc.), Gram-negative bacteria (such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, etc.), and other bacterial pathogens (such as Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Mycobacterium, etc.)\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This broad-spectrum antibacterial activity makes LL-37 have potential application value in combating different types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDestroying the formed biofilm: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBacterial biofilm is one of the important reasons for the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial peptide LL-37 can destroy the formed biofilm, thus reducing the drug resistance of bacteria. For example, in the prosthetic joint infection (PJI) after artificial joint replacement, the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria caused by the bacterial biofilm makes the treatment difficult. However, LL-37 can play an effective antibacterial and bacteriostatic role by inhibiting the formation of the biofilm and destroying the formed biofilm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhancing the antibacterial activity of antibiotics: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStudies have shown that LL-37 has a synergistic effect with certain antibiotics. For example, when used in combination with amoxicillin clavulanic acid (AMC), LL-37 can strongly enhance the antibacterial activity of AMC.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg title=\"2\" alt=\"2\" width=\"700\" height=\"291\" border=\"0\" style=\"width: 700px; height: 291px;\" data-original=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lnBpiKirljSRjlqlqjipko\/2.png\" data-src=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lnBpiKirljSRjlqlqjipko\/2.png\" class=\"lazyloaded\" src=\"https:\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lnBpiKirljSRjlqlqjipko\/2.png\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications for LL-37?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting bone regeneration:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSome studies have shown that the antibacterial peptide LL-37 has a positive effect on bone regeneration. Some research has shown that human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) were cultured with different concentrations of LL-37, and it was found that the concentration of LL-37 had an impact on the osteogenic ability of hADSCs, reaching a peak at 4μg\/ml. In addition, the PSeD\/hADSCs\/LL-37 combination scaffold showed more superior osteogenic properties than the PSeD\/hADSCs, PSeD, and control group scaffolds in the rat calvarial defect model, indicating a high potential in clinical bone regeneration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibacterial effect:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhibition of multiple pathogenic bacteria:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSome research used the micro-double dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibacterial peptide LL-37 against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that LL-37 had different degrees of inhibitory effects on these three pathogenic bacteria, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations being 3.12, 1.56, and 0.78μg\/mL, respectively. The thermal stability test showed that the recombinant antibacterial peptide still had good activity at high temperatures. The acid-base stability test results showed that LL-37 had certain activity at a pH range of 2.0 to 12.0, with the best activity at a pH of 5.0 to 6.0, and -20°C being the best condition for long-term storage\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect on antibiotic-resistant bacteria: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSome people studied the antibacterial efficacy of the antibacterial peptide LL-37 and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a microorganism commonly found in biofilm-related infections. The results showed that LL-37 was the most effective antibacterial agent, with a reduction in colony count of more than 4 logarithms. In contrast, the effects of silver nanoparticles and conventional antibiotics were poorer, with a reduction in colony count of less than 1 logarithm. The antibacterial combination treatment with rifampicin significantly increased the logarithmic reduction of AgNPs and gentamicin, but it was still significantly lower than that of LL-37 used alone\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApplication in pulmonary infection:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStudies have shown that Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) has become an urgent challenge for pulmonary infection and lung injury. The LL37 peptide is an effective antibacterial agent against PA strains, but its application is limited due to its rapid clearance in vivo, biosafety issues, and low bioavailability. Therefore, a reducing-sensitive albumin-based nanodrug delivery system has been developed to improve the performance of LL37 against PA in vivo by forming intermolecular disulfide bonds. Cationic LL37 can be effectively encapsulated through electrostatic interaction to exert an improved antibacterial effect. The LL37 peptide showed a sustained release of more than 48 hours from the LL37 peptide nanoparticles (LL37 PNP), and an extended antibacterial effect was noted with the increase in the incubation time. In a mouse model of acute PA pulmonary infection, LL37 PNP significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β and alleviated lung injury. It indicates that LL37 PNP can more effectively improve PA pulmonary infection and the subsequent inflammatory response than the free LL37 peptide\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActivating the antibacterial function of platelets:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStudies have pointed out that the antibacterial peptide LL-37 can activate the antibacterial function of human platelets. After platelets are treated with LL-37, the surface expression of receptors for recognizing microorganisms (Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and -4, CD32, CD206, Dectin-1, CD35, LOX-1, CD41, CD62P, and αIIbβ3 integrin) and molecules related to presenting antigens to T lymphocytes (CD80, CD86, and HLA-ABC) is increased, and antibacterial molecules are secreted: bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), azurocidin, human neutrophil peptide (HNP)-1, and myeloperoxidase. They also translate azurocidin and enhance the binding to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. In addition, the supernatant of platelets treated with LL-37 can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, or platelets can use their LL-37 to inhibit microbial growth\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApplication in drug delivery systems\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eStudies have mentioned that antibacterial peptides (AMPs) are a new class of biomolecules with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and have attracted attention due to the rapid increase in antibiotic resistance\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e. LL37 is the only cathelicidin-derived antibacterial peptide found in humans. With in-depth research, LL37 has shown various biological functions, including regulating the inflammatory response, chemotaxis of immune cells, promoting wound healing, and osteogenesis, which have encouraged a variety of clinical applications. However, the clinical translation of LL37 is limited by its sensitivity to protease degradation, potential toxicity, poor bioavailability, etc. Various delivery systems, including metal nanoparticles, polymer materials, and lipid-based systems, have been introduced to achieve therapeutic applications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, as a multifunctional bioactive peptide, LL-37 has shown great potential in clinical applications. In terms of promoting bone regeneration, through the synergistic effects of multiple mechanisms such as promoting osteoblast differentiation and activity, antibacterial effects, immunomodulation, and promoting angiogenesis, it has brought new hope for bone injury repair. When dealing with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, by directly destroying the cell membrane, inhibiting the formation of biofilms, and synergizing with antibiotics, it is expected to become a powerful weapon to solve the problem of drug-resistant bacteria. In drug delivery systems, by designing and optimizing antibacterial peptide templates, constructing multiple drug delivery systems, and exploring the combined application of drugs, its clinical treatment effect can be further enhanced. In short, LL-37 has potential in multiple aspects of clinical applications, including promoting bone regeneration, antibacterial effects, activating the antibacterial function of platelets, and applications in drug delivery systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Neville F, Cahuzac M, Konovalov O, et al. Lipid headgroup discrimination by antimicrobial peptide LL-37: Insight into mechanism of action[J]. Biophysical Journal, 2006,90(4):1275-1287.DOI:10.1529\/biophysj.105.067595.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Neshani A, Zare H, Eidgahi M R A, et al. LL-37: Review of antimicrobial profile against sensitive and antibiotic-resistant human bacterial pathogens[J]. Gene Reports, 2019,17:100519.DOI:10.1016\/j.genrep.2019.100519.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Li L, Peng Y, Yuan Q, et al. Cathelicidin LL37 Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation in vitro and Bone Regeneration in vivo[J]. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2021,9.DOI:10.3389\/fbioe.2021.638494.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Kang J, Dietz M J, Li B. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms[J]. Plos One, 2019,14(6).DOI:10.1371\/journal.pone.0216676.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Sanchez-Pena F J, Romero-Tlalolini M D L A, Torres-Aguilar H, et al. LL-37 Triggers Antimicrobial Activity in Human Platelets[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023,24(3).DOI:10.3390\/ijms24032816.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Lin X, Wang R, Mai S. Advances in delivery systems for the therapeutic application of LL37[J]. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2020,60.DOI:10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102016.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"5MG","offer_id":46539358306494,"sku":null,"price":50.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/LL-37.jpg?v=1781292446"},{"product_id":"prostamax","title":"Prostamax","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eProstamax Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eProstamax is a synthetic tetrapeptide belonging to the Khavinson peptide family. Prostamax has a specific molecular structure and biological activity, and it can regulate cellular processes such as metabolism, proliferation, and differentiation by binding to receptors on the cell surface or directly entering the cell, thereby having a positive impact on the health status of the prostate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 178.067px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 58.8px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 58.8px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 58.8px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eH-Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro-OH\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e33\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e5\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e487.5 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e9848296\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eProstamax, SCHEMBL6660498, EX-A10561, 473578-47-1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eProstamax Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Prostamax?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the improvement of people's living standards and the intensification of population aging, the incidence of prostate-related diseases has been increasing year by year, having a serious impact on men's health. Therefore, finding effective methods for prostate health care and treatment has become an important topic in medical research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the in-depth research on the physiological functions of the prostate and the mechanisms of prostate diseases, scientists have discovered that the prostate itself can secrete various bioactive substances, which play an important role in maintaining the normal functions of the prostate and in the occurrence and development of diseases. Through the analysis of the components of prostate tissue and the study of its functions, researchers have been committed to finding a substance that can specifically improve prostate health. Prostamax was discovered and studied in this context. It is considered a biological regulatory peptide with important regulatory functions in the prostate, and the research on its origin provides a new direction and approach for further exploring the prevention and treatment of prostate diseases and the maintenance of men's health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Prostamax?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of action in the treatment of chronic abacterial prostatitis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelieving inflammatory symptoms: Studies have shown that Prostamax can reduce the symptoms of chronic inflammation, such as alleviating swelling, vascular congestion, and reducing lymphatic infiltration, in the treatment of experimental chronic abacterial prostatitis and its complications\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This may be achieved by regulating the immune response in prostate tissue, and the specific immune regulatory pathways still need further study.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreventing the process of sclerosis and atrophy: Prostamax can prevent the development of the processes of sclerosis and atrophy in prostate tissue. Its mechanism of action may involve the regulation of the metabolism of prostate cells and the inhibition of the pathophysiological processes leading to tissue sclerosis and atrophy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparison with other prostate treatment drugs: The therapeutic effect of Prostamax exceeds that of some widely used prostate treatment drugs derived from saw palmetto extract and animal prostates. This is due to its unique chemical structure and mechanism of action, enabling it to more effectively act on the pathophysiological processes of chronic abacterial prostatitis\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of action on the heterochromatin of human lymphocytes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThermal redistribution and temperature changes: Prostamax can cause the thermal redistribution of chromatin in human lymphocytes and shift the two denaturation temperatures (TdVII and TdVIII) to lower temperatures by 2.9 and 1.0°C respectively\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This thermal redistribution may be related to the partial relaxation of the 30-nanometer-thick fiber into a 10-nanometer-thick fiber, suggesting that Prostamax may exert its effect by influencing the structure of chromatin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChanges in nucleosome organization: The TdVII and TdVIII of lymphocytes treated with Prostamax are slightly lower than those of untreated cells, which is related to the minor structural changes in the nucleosome organization of the 10- and 30-nanometer-thick fibers\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Prostamax?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Improving prostate health\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelieving symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is one of the common diseases that trouble elderly men. With the increase of age, the prostate tissue gradually proliferates, compressing the urethra and causing symptoms such as frequent urination, urgent urination, and difficulty in urination. Prostamax can promote the healthy functions of prostate cells. By regulating cellular metabolism and signal transduction pathways, it reduces the symptoms caused by prostatic hyperplasia. It may act on the growth factors, receptors, and enzymes of prostate cells, inhibit excessive cell proliferation, and promote the balance of cell differentiation and apoptosis, thereby reducing the pressure on the prostate tissue and improving the urination situation\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePromoting the regeneration of prostate tissue: The regeneration of prostate tissue is crucial for maintaining the healthy structure of the prostate. Factors such as aging, diseases, and injuries may lead to degenerative changes in prostate tissue, affecting its normal functions. Prostamax helps support the regeneration of prostate tissue, possibly by promoting cell repair and regeneration mechanisms. For example, it can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, increase the number of stem cells in the prostate tissue, and thus promote the repair of damaged tissue. In addition, Prostamax may also regulate the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix to maintain the structural integrity of the prostate tissue\u003csup\u003e[2, 4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Anti-inflammatory effect\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlleviating prostate inflammation: Inflammatory prostate diseases such as chronic prostatitis bring great pain to patients. The inflammatory response will lead to symptoms such as swelling, vascular congestion, and lymphocytic infiltration of the prostate, causing pain and discomfort. Prostamax can exert an anti-inflammatory effect by regulating the immune system and the production of inflammatory mediators to reduce prostate inflammation. It may inhibit the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and reduce the release of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, Prostamax may also promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), thereby regulating the balance of the inflammatory response and relieving inflammatory symptoms\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Anti-aging effect\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDelaying cell aging: Cell aging is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. Prostamax can affect the chromatin structure, reduce the condensation of DNA, and keep cells in a younger state. Changes in the chromatin structure may affect gene expression and regulation, thereby influencing the functions and lifespan of cells. Prostamax may regulate the activity of chromatin remodeling enzymes, change the compactness of chromatin, and promote gene transcription and expression. This helps maintain the normal functions and vitality of cells and delays the process of cell aging. In addition, Prostamax may also reduce the production and damage of free radicals through its antioxidant effect, further protecting cells from the effects of aging \u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Supporting immune function\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe immune system plays a key role in maintaining human health. Prostamax may have a positive impact on the immune system, enhance the activity of lymphocytes, and improve the body's immune response ability. Lymphocytes are an important part of the immune system, which can recognize and attack pathogens and protect the body from infections. Prostamax may enhance the immune activity of lymphocytes by regulating their proliferation, differentiation, and functions. For example, it can promote lymphocytes to produce cytokines and antibodies, enhancing their ability to kill pathogens. In addition, Prostamax can also regulate the functions of other immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells, jointly improving the body's immune defense ability\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Regulating hormone balance\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe balance of hormone levels such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone is very important for maintaining prostate health and overall male health. Hormone imbalance may lead to the occurrence of diseases such as prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. Prostamax helps regulate these hormone levels, possibly by influencing the synthesis, metabolism, and receptor expression of hormones. For example, it can regulate the activities of testosterone synthesis and metabolism enzymes, affecting the production and conversion of testosterone. In addition, Prostamax may also regulate the expression of dihydrotestosterone receptors, changing the effect of dihydrotestosterone on prostate cells. By regulating hormone balance, Prostamax can maintain the normal functions of the prostate and prevent and treat prostate diseases\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, as a biological regulatory peptide derived from the prostate, Prostamax has remarkable effects in improving prostate health. It can not only relieve the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia and promote the regeneration of prostate tissue but also reduce prostate inflammation and delay cell aging. It also plays a positive role in regulating immune function and hormone balance, providing strong support for maintaining men's prostate health and overall health level, and has important application value and significance in related health fields.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1]    Borovskaya T G, Pakhomova A V, Vychuzhanina A V, et al. Experimental studying of the drug efficiency Prostamax in the therapy of chronic aseptic prostatitis and its complications[J]. Inflammation, 2013(3):54-58. DOI:10.4236\/MRI.2013.23007.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2]    Meskhi T, Khachidzr D, Barbakadze S, et al. Effect of the peptide bioregulator prostamax on human lymphocyte heterochromatin in situ[J]. Biophysics,2004,49:978-.980.https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/289421326_Effect_of_the_peptide_bioregulator_prostamax_on_human_lymphocyte_heterochromatin_in_situ.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3]    Arnold M J, Gaillardetz A, Ohiokpehai J. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Rapid Evidence Review[J]. American Family Physician, 2023,107(6):613-622. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/37327163\/.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4]    Karthaus W R, Hofree M, Choi D, et al. Regenerative potential of prostate luminal cells revealed by single-cell analysis[J]. Science, 2020,368:497-505. DOI: 10.1126\/science.aay0267.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5]    Smith J A, Gaikwad A A, Mathew L, et al. AHCC(®) Supplementation to Support Immune Function to Clear Persistent Human  Papillomavirus Infections[J]. Frontiers in Oncology, 2022,12:881902.DOI:10.3389\/fonc.2022.881902.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"20MG","offer_id":46575632220350,"sku":null,"price":60.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Prostamax.jpg?v=1781292174"},{"product_id":"tirzepatide","title":"Tirzepatide","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eTirzepatide Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTirzepatide, a synthetic polypeptide drug, is the first dual agonist of GLP - 1 and GIP receptors. Given via once - weekly subcutaneous injection, it regulates blood glucose through a dual - action mechanism. Activating GLP - 1 receptor promotes insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon release, while GIP receptor activation boosts insulin sensitivity and secretion.It also delays gastric emptying, increases satiety, reduces food intake, and helps with weight loss. Additionally, it raises adiponectin levels, improving insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism.Clinical trials show Tirzepatide is better than single GLP - 1 agonists in blood glucose control, significantly lowering HbA1c. It's effective for weight loss (average \u0026gt; 20%) and obesity treatment. The once - weekly injection improves patient compliance, and it has fewer side - effects. It also benefits blood pressure and lipid profile, showing potential cardio protection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 178.067px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 58.8px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 58.8px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 58.8px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eTyr-{Aib}-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-{Aib}-Leu-Asp-Lys-Ile-Ala-Gln-{diacid-C20-gamma-Glu-(AEEA)2-Lys}-Ala-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e225\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e348\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e48\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e68\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e4813 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e2023788-19-2\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e163285897\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eZepbound; Mounjaro\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eTirzepatide Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Tirzepatide?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTirzepatide is a synthetic polypeptide drug, and its development stems from a profound understanding of the limitations of existing GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Although GLP-1 receptor agonists have already shown excellent performance in blood glucose control and weight loss, scientists have found that while they activate the GLP-1 receptor, their activation effect on the GIP receptor is relatively weak, which to a certain extent limits the therapeutic effect of the drugs. Therefore, the research and development team is committed to developing a new type of drug that can activate both the GIPR and GLP-1R simultaneously, in the hope of achieving more comprehensive and effective blood glucose control and weight management\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e .\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDuring the research and development process of Tirzepatide, scientists have carried out a large number of basic research and clinical trials. First of all, in the preclinical research stage, the pharmacodynamic characteristics of Tirzepatide were deeply evaluated through animal experiments, and its potential in blood glucose control and weight loss was verified. The results showed that Tirzepatide could significantly reduce the blood glucose level in animal models and also performed well in weight management. These positive findings laid a solid foundation for the subsequent clinical trials.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSubsequently, Tirzepatide entered the clinical trial stage, including phase I, II, and III trials. In the phase I trial, the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug were mainly evaluated, and the results showed that Tirzepatide had good safety and tolerability. The phase II trial further explored the efficacy and safety of different doses of Tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes, and preliminarily determined its effective dose range. The most crucial phase III clinical trials, such as the SURPASS series of studies, covered a large number of patients with type 2 diabetes. The results showed that Tirzepatide was significantly superior to existing GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as semaglutide, in reducing blood glucose and weight. This breakthrough result provided strong evidence support for the marketing application of Tirzepatide \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTirzepatide is a polypeptide composed of 39 amino acids, in which individual amino acids have been structurally modified to improve its stability and efficacy. This unique structural design enables Tirzepatide to integrate the effects of two incretin hormones, GIP and GLP-1, into a single molecule, and activate the hormone receptors involved in blood glucose control through a dual mechanism of action. Specifically, Tirzepatide can act on both the pancreas and the central nervous system. On the one hand, it promotes insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon release, thereby effectively reducing blood glucose; on the other hand, by delaying gastric emptying and increasing satiety, it reduces appetite and food intake, and thus achieves weight management. This dual mechanism of action gives Tirzepatide unique advantages in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, providing patients with a more comprehensive treatment option\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Tirzepatide?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTirzepatide lowers blood glucose through multiple mechanisms working together, as follows: Activation of the GLP-1 receptor: Tirzepatide binds to the GLP-1 receptor on pancreatic β cells, mimicking the effect of natural GLP-1. GLP-1 is a hormone produced in the intestine and is crucial for maintaining glucose homeostasis 2. It can promote insulin synthesis, insulin secretion, and glucose sensing, and reduce glucagon secretion to promote satiety and inhibit appetite 2.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThis activation can promote insulin secretion. Insulin is the main blood glucose-lowering hormone in the body, which can increase the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells, thereby reducing blood glucose levels. In patients with type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion is insufficient or the cells' sensitivity to insulin is reduced, leading to an increase in blood glucose. Tirzepatide increases insulin secretion by activating the GLP-1 receptor, which helps to improve blood glucose control. At the same time, the activation of the GLP-1 receptor can also inhibit the release of glucagon. Glucagon usually promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the fasting state, increasing blood glucose production. By inhibiting the effect of glucagon, Tirzepatide further reduces the source of blood glucose, which helps to control blood glucose\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Anonymous, 2023)\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eActivation of the GIP receptor: Tirzepatide acts on the GIP receptor at the same time. After activation, it can enhance insulin sensitivity and secretion. The GIP receptor is mainly present in tissues such as pancreatic β cells. After activation, through the conduction of the intracellular signaling pathway, insulin secretion is increased, and the cells' responsiveness to insulin is improved, thereby more effectively reducing blood glucose 2. Tirzepatide is the first-in-class dual glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) analog, approved for the treatment of adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise 2. Tirzepatide is a synthetic chemical structure based on the GIP sequence, composed of a 39-amino acid peptide. It increases insulin secretion, reduces the release of glucagon in a glucose-dependent manner, lowers fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, promotes satiety, reduces weight, and delays gastric emptying 2.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThis dual receptor agonist effect makes Tirzepatide more effective in promoting insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon release than single GLP-1 receptor agonists\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDelaying gastric emptying and increasing satiety: Tirzepatide can delay gastric emptying, prolong the residence time of food in the stomach, slow down the absorption rate of nutrients, and thus avoid a sharp increase in postprandial blood glucose. In preclinical and clinical studies, the effect of Tirzepatide on gastric emptying is comparable to that of GLP-1 receptor agonists. In diet-induced obese mice, the degree of delayed gastric emptying by Tirzepatide is similar to that of semaglutide, but these acute inhibitory effects disappear after 2 weeks of treatment. In participants with and without type 2 diabetes, once-weekly Tirzepatid (≥5 and ≥4.5mg, respectively) delayed gastric emptying after a single dose. In healthy participants, this effect was attenuated after multiple doses of Tirzepatide or dulaglutide\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAt the same time, it can also act on the central nervous system, increase satiety, and reduce appetite and food intake. By controlling diet intake, it indirectly helps to control blood glucose levels, especially suitable for the obesity problem often accompanied by patients with type 2 diabetes, and helps to improve insulin resistance and the overall metabolic status\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eImproving insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism: Tirzepatide has been found to increase the level of adiponectin, which is an adipocytokine related to insulin sensitivity. An increase in the level of adiponectin helps to improve insulin sensitivity, making cells more sensitive to insulin, and thus more effectively taking up and utilizing glucose, reducing blood glucose\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn addition, Tirzepatide can also improve the lipid profile and has a potential protective effect on cardiovascular health. Tirzepatide has been proven to be able to improve blood pressure, reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003eThis further supports its comprehensive benefits in blood glucose management.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cimg class=\"graphic zoom-in\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/832b\/12159100\/b858d14e1be8\/11011_2025_1649_Fig3_HTML.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" id=\"d33e630\" height=\"535\" width=\"685\" alt=\"Fig. 3\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelated research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEfficacy on weight management in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMultiple clinical studies have confirmed significant weight loss effects: In a study named \"SURMOUNT-2\", this trial was a phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted in seven countries. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with a body mass index (BMI) of 27 kg\/m² or higher and a glycated hemoglobin (HbA₁c) of 7 - 10% were randomly assigned to receive a once-weekly subcutaneous injection of Tirzepatide (10mg or 15mg) or placebo for 72 weeks. The results showed that at week 72, the percentage of weight loss in the Tirzepatide 10mg and 15mg groups was -12.8% and -14.7%, respectively, while that in the placebo group was -3.2%. The estimated treatment differences of Tirzepatide 10mg and 15mg compared with the placebo were -9.6 percentage points and -11.6 percentage points, respectively, both of which were statistically significant (p＜0.0001). In addition, more patients treated with Tirzepatide reached the threshold of a weight loss of 5% or more (79 - 83% vs 32%)\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Garvey W T, 2023). I\u003c\/strong\u003en the \"SURMOUNT-2\" study, the baseline average weight was 100.7 kg, the BMI was 36.1 kg\/m², and the HbA₁c was 8.02%. After 72 weeks of treatment, Tirzepatide not only significantly reduced weight but also played a positive role in blood glucose control \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImprovement effect on diabetes-related neuropathy: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSome studies have pointed out that glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) can reduce the risk of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes by improving memory, learning, and overcoming cognitive impairment. As a dual glucose-dependent insulin polypeptide receptor agonist (GIP-RA)\/GLP-1RA, Tirzepatid was studied for its effects on markers of neuronal growth (CREB and BDNF), apoptosis (BAX\/Bcl2 ratio), differentiation (pAkt, MAP2, GAP43, and AGBL4), and insulin resistance (GLUT1, GLUT4, GLUT3, and SORBS1) in a neuroblastoma cell line (SHSY5Y). The results for the first time emphasized the role of Tirzepatide in activating the pAkt\/CREB\/BDNF pathway and downstream signaling cascades, as well as its efficacy in neuroprotection. It also showed that Tirzepatide could counteract the effects related to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance at the neuronal level. Therefore, Tirzepatide can improve the neurodegeneration caused by hyperglycemia and overcome neuronal insulin resistance, providing new insights into the improvement of diabetes-related neuropathy\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch progress in the treatment of type 2 diabetes:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSome studies have pointed out that Tirzepatide, as a new type of hypoglycemic drug, has become the first dual GIP\/GLP-1R agonist approved for the treatment of diabetes in the United States. It has been confirmed to have significant blood glucose-lowering and weight loss effects in multiple large-scale clinical trials, and there is evidence that it also has great potential in cardiovascular protection. In addition, the concept of synthetic peptides has opened up many unknown possibilities for Tirzepatide. Ongoing trials (NCT04166773) and evidence suggest that it appears to be a promising drug in the fields of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), renal and neuroprotection, etc.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLong-term effects of \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eirzepatide on cardiovascular health: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eTirzepatide may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by promoting weight loss. A study examined the impact of Tirzepatide on obesity and cardiovascular disease events in American adults\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e .\u003c\/strong\u003e The study found that among American adults eligible for Tirzepatide treatment, after treatment with 15mg of Tirzepatide, it was estimated that 70.6% and 56.7% of adults had a weight loss of ≥15% and ≥20%, respectively, which meant that the number of obese people decreased by 58.8%. In people without cardiovascular diseases, the estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases decreased from 10.1% before treatment to 7.7% after treatment, reflecting an absolute risk reduction of 2.4% and a relative risk reduction of 23.6%, which means that 2 million cardiovascular disease events can be prevented within 10 years.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, Tirzepatide is a novel dual agonist of GIP and GLP-1 receptors and is of great significance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. It can more effectively promote insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon secretion, precisely regulate blood glucose, reduce the risk of complications, improve the function of pancreatic β cells, and delay the progression of diabetes. It also has a protective effect on the cardiovascular system. In the treatment of obesity, it can effectively reduce food intake, decrease appetite, increase satiety, help obese patients lose weight, and reduce the risk of obesity-related complications. It can also improve insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. In addition, it shows potential in the treatment of metabolic abnormality-related diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, sleep apnea syndrome, and heart failure, and can simultaneously improve multiple metabolic indicators, providing a more comprehensive treatment plan. Its once-weekly injection administration method is convenient to use and can improve patients' treatment compliance. By effectively controlling blood glucose and weight and reducing the risk of complications, patients' physical conditions can be significantly improved, their daily activity ability and quality of life can be enhanced, their confidence in disease control can be increased, their psychological burden can be relieved, and their social adaptability can be improved.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Nowak M, Nowak W, Grzeszczak W. Tirzepatide - a dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonist - a new antidiabetic drug with potential metabolic activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes[J]. Endokrynologia Polska, 2022,73(4):745-755.DOI:10.5603\/EP.a2022.0029.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Anonymous. Tirzepatide: A Dual Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonist for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: Erratum.[J]. American Journal of Therapeutics, 2023,30(3):e311.DOI:10.1097\/MJT.0000000000001634.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Urva S, Coskun T, Loghin C, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selectivelong-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists[J]. Diabetes Obesity \u0026amp; Metabolism, 2020,22(10):1886-1891.DOI:10.1111\/dom.14110.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Forzano I, Varzideh F, Avvisato R, et al. Tirzepatide: A Systematic Update[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022,23(23).DOI:10.3390\/ijms232314631.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Garvey W T, Frias J P, Jastreboff A M, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet, 2023,402(10402):613-626.DOI:10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01200-X.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Fontanella R A, Ghosh P, Pesapane A, et al. Tirzepatide prevents neurodegeneration through multiple molecular pathways[J]. Journal of Translational Medicine, 2024,22(1).DOI:10.1186\/s12967-024-04927-z.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Ma Z, Jin K, Yue M, et al. Research Progress on the GIP\/GLP-1 Receptor Coagonist Tirzepatide, a Rising Star in Type 2 Diabetes[J]. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2023,2023.DOI:10.1155\/2023\/5891532.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Wong N D, Karthikeyan H, Fan W. US Population Eligibility and Estimated Impact of Tirzepatide Treatment on Obesity Prevalence and Cardiovascular Disease Events[J]. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 2024.DOI:10.1007\/s10557-024-07583-z.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"60MG","offer_id":46575965405374,"sku":null,"price":145.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Tirzepatide.jpg?v=1781292114"},{"product_id":"foxo4-dri","title":"FOXO4-DRI","description":"\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_1\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eFOXO4-DRI Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe full name of FOXO4-DRI is FOXO4 D-Retro-Inverso. It is an anti-aging polypeptide that selectively induces the apoptosis of senescent cells by blocking the interaction between FOXO4 and p53, thereby improving the tissue micro environment and delaying the aging process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 196.333px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 80.0667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 80.0667px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 80.0667px;\"\u003eH-D-Leu-D-Thr-D-Leu-D-Arg-D-Lys-D-Glu-D-Pro-D-Ala-D-Ser-D-Glu-D-Ile-D-Ala-D-Gln-D-Ser-D-Ile-D-Leu-D-Glu-D-Ala-D-Tyr-D-Ser-D-Gln-D-Asn-Gly-D-Trp-D-Ala-D-Asn-D-Arg-D-Arg-D-Ser-Gly-Gly-Lys-Arg-Pro-DL-Pro-DL-Pro-Arg-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg-Gly-OH\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e228\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e388\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e86\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e64\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e5358 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e168431240\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 16.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 16.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 16.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEX-A7431\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eFOXO4-DRI Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of FOXO4-DRI?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn-depth Research on Cellular Senescence: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWith the continuous in-depth study of the mechanism of cellular senescence, it has been found that cellular senescence plays a key role in many physiological processes as well as the occurrence and development of diseases. Senescent cells will accumulate and secrete a variety of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, affecting the functions of surrounding cells, and thus leading to the decline of tissue and organ functions. Therefore, finding methods to intervene in the process of cellular senescence has become a research hotspot.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscovery of FOXO4 Protein: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFOXO4 is a member of the forkhead box protein O family (FOXO) and plays an important role in various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and stress response. Studies have found that FOXO4 is closely related to cellular senescence, and it can affect the senescence process of cells by regulating the expression of a series of genes. For example, FOXO4 can activate the expression of some antioxidant genes and DNA repair genes, enhancing the cell's resistance to oxidative stress and DNA damage, thereby delaying cellular senescence.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScreening of Small Molecule Compounds: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eBased on the understanding of the function of the FOXO4 protein, scientists began to screen small molecule compounds that can regulate the activity of FOXO4. They hoped to find a small molecule substance that could specifically activate the FOXO4 protein, thus exerting its anti-aging effect and treating related diseases. After a large number of experimental screenings and optimizations, the small molecule compound FOXO4-DRI was finally discovered. It can specifically bind to the FOXO4 protein, activate its downstream signaling pathway, and play a role in regulating cellular senescence and related physiological functions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of FOXO4-DRI?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Anti-aging\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFOXO4-DRI can activate the FOXO4 protein, and then regulate the cell's metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis processes. The FOXO4 protein plays an important regulatory role in cells. It can enhance the cell's resistance to stress by regulating the expression of a series of downstream genes, and reduce cellular senescence and damage. For example, FOXO4 can promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes and reduce the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species, thus alleviating the damage of oxidative stress to cells\u003csup\u003e[1, 2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In addition, FOXO4 can also regulate the expression of genes related to the cell cycle, inhibit excessive cell proliferation, and maintain the normal metabolism and function of cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Mechanism of Action in Male Late-Onset Hypogonadism\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteraction with FOXO4 and p53: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eMale late-onset hypogonadism is an age-related disease, and its core mechanism is the dysfunction of senescent Leydig cells in the testis. It has been found that the forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor FOXO4 is specifically expressed in human Leydig cells, and its translocation to the nucleus in the elderly is related to the decrease in testosterone synthesis. As a specific FOXO4 blocker, FOXO4-DRI selectively induces p53 nuclear exclusion and apoptosis in senescent Leydig cells by disrupting the interaction between FOXO4 and p53\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving the Testicular Microenvironment: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn naturally aged mice, FOXO4-DRI can improve the testicular microenvironment and alleviate age-related testosterone deficiency. This indicates that FOXO4-DRI may restore the normal function of testicular tissue by regulating the signaling pathway related to the senescence of Leydig cells, thereby increasing the testosterone secretion level\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Mechanism of Action in Pulmonary Fibrosis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReducing Senescent Cells and Downregulating SASP Expression: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePulmonary fibrosis is a progressive interstitial lung disease with limited treatment options. Cellular senescence is considered one of the pathogenic factors of pulmonary fibrosis, and the elimination of senescent cells can improve lung function. In a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin, FOXO4-DRI, similar to the approved drug pirfenidone, can reduce senescent cells, downregulate the expression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and alleviate the morphological changes and collagen deposition induced by bleomycin\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfluencing the Proportion of Cell Types: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFOXO4-DRI can increase the proportion of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2) and fibroblasts and reduce the proportion of myofibroblasts in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. In in vitro experiments, compared with mouse and human lung fibroblast cell lines, FOXO4-DRI has a greater tendency to kill myofibroblasts induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulating the Extracellular Matrix Receptor Interaction Pathway: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe inhibitory effect of FOXO4-DRI on myofibroblasts leads to the downregulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction pathway in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. This indicates that FOXO4-DRI may improve the pathological process of pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the generation and metabolism of the ECM\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cimg class=\"graphic\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/6cac\/9170815\/3b51f14d2c8a\/JCMM-26-3269-g001.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" id=\"jats-graphic-1\" height=\"411\" width=\"709\" alt=\"FIGURE 1\"\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFOXO4-DRI ameliorates bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). (A) Schematic diagram illustrating the experimental design. (B) Representative scanned images of haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Masson trichrome-staining of lung tissue sections.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of FOXO4-DRI?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Anti-aging\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFOXO4-DRI has potential value in improving age-related functional decline. With the increase of age, various organs and systems of the body will experience different degrees of aging and functional decline, such as the decrease in immune system function, the weakening of cardiovascular system function, and the decline of nervous system function. By activating the FOXO4 protein, FOXO4-DRI can delay the process of cellular senescence, improve cell vitality and function, and thus help improve the overall health of the body. For example, in an aged mouse model, treatment with FOXO4-DRI can significantly improve the exercise ability and cognitive function of the mice and reduce the occurrence of age-related diseases\u003csup\u003e[1, 2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship with Neuron Aging and Death: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eNeurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are closely related to the aging and death of neurons. In these diseases, neurons will be damaged by various factors such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and protein aggregation, leading to the gradual loss of neuronal function and ultimately causing cognitive and motor function disorders. By activating the FOXO4 signaling pathway, FOXO4-DRI can promote the survival and repair of neurons and enhance their resistance to oxidative stress and apoptotic signals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe FOXO4 protein can regulate the expression of multiple genes in neurons, including antioxidant enzymes, anti-apoptotic proteins, nerve growth factors, etc. The upregulation of the expression of these genes can protect neurons from damage and promote the regeneration and repair of neurons. For example, in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, treatment with FOXO4-DRI can reduce the deposition of amyloid proteins, improve neuronal function, and slow down the progression of the disease. In a Parkinson's disease model, FOXO4-DRI can also protect dopaminergic neurons and improve the exercise ability of mice\u003csup\u003e[3, 4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Therefore, FOXO4-DRI is expected to be used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases to slow down the progression of the disease and improve the cognitive and motor functions of patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtecting Cardiomyocytes: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the cardiovascular system, FOXO4-DRI can protect cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress and apoptotic damage. Cardiomyocytes are the main functional cells of the heart, and their damage and death are one of the important causes of cardiovascular diseases. FOXO4-DRI can activate the FOXO4 protein, upregulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reduce the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species in cardiomyocytes, and alleviate the damage of oxidative stress to cardiomyocytes. At the same time, FOXO4-DRI can also promote the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, inhibit the activation of the apoptotic signaling pathway, and protect cardiomyocytes from apoptosis\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting the Function of Vascular Endothelial Cells: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFOXO4-DRI can also promote the normal function of vascular endothelial cells and maintain the stability and elasticity of blood vessels. Vascular endothelial cells are an important part of the blood vessel wall, and their abnormal function will lead to the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases such as increased vascular permeability, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. FOXO4-DRI can activate the FOXO4 protein, regulate the expression of multiple genes in vascular endothelial cells, promote the proliferation, migration, and repair of vascular endothelial cells, and maintain the normal function of blood vessels. For example, FOXO4-DRI can upregulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promote the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and angiogenesis; it can also upregulate the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), promote the production of nitric oxide, dilate blood vessels, and reduce blood pressure \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreventing and Treating Cardiovascular Diseases: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn summary, FOXO4-DRI helps prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, and atherosclerosis. In an animal model of myocardial infarction, treatment with FOXO4-DRI can reduce the death of cardiomyocytes, promote the repair of myocardial tissue, and improve heart function. In a heart failure model, FOXO4-DRI can inhibit the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, enhance myocardial contractility, and improve the pumping function of the heart. In an atherosclerosis model, FOXO4-DRI can reduce the damage of vascular endothelial cells, inhibit the inflammatory response, and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, through its mechanisms of action, including inducing the apoptosis of senescent cells, improving the tissue microenvironment, and delaying the aging process, FOXO4-DRI shows potential application value in the fields of anti-aging, treatment of testicular hypofunction, radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Zhang C, Xie Y, Chen H, et al. FOXO4-DRI alleviates age-related testosterone secretion insufficiency by  targeting senescent Leydig cells in aged mice[J]. Aging (Albany Ny), 2020,12(2):1272-1284.DOI:10.18632\/aging.102682.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Han X, Yuan T, Zhang J, et al. FOXO4 peptide targets myofibroblast ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary  fibrosis in mice through ECM-receptor interaction pathway[J]. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2022,26(11):3269-3280.DOI:10.1111\/jcmm.17333.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Theoharides T C, Tsilioni I. Tetramethoxyluteolin for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases[J]. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2018,18(21):1872-1882.DOI:10.2174\/1568026617666181119154247.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Aslam D I, Jiyanboyevich Y, Ergashboevna A. Prevention \u0026amp; Treatment Of Cardiovascular Diseases[J]. The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research, 2021,03:180-188.DOI:10.37547\/TAJMSPR\/Volume03Issue06-28.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46576083959998,"sku":null,"price":110.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/FOXO4-DRI.jpg?v=1781292554"},{"product_id":"hcg","title":"HCG","description":"\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_1\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eHCG Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ehCG, or human chorionic gonadotropin, is a glycoprotein hormone. Its core functions revolve around reproductive regulation, such as maintaining early pregnancy and influencing gonadal hormone secretion, making it one of the most important hormones in reproductive medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 178.067px;\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 58.8px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 58.8px;\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 58.8px;\"\u003eN(1)Cys-Gly-OH.H-Aad(1)-OH\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 21.2667px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e19\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e321.35 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e9002-61-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e4369448\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\" style=\"height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\" style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eChorionic gonadotrophin；CHEMBL1233255\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eHCG Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of hCG?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehCG plays a crucial role in reproductive medicine, including maintaining early pregnancy and inducing ovulation in assisted reproductive technologies. Natural hCG is primarily extracted from pregnant women's urine, presenting limitations in supply and purity assurance. This fails to meet growing clinical demands, necessitating the development of synthetic hCG to provide a more stable and reliable drug source.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdvancements in genetic engineering technology have enabled the cloning and expression of the hCG gene, laying the technical foundation for synthetic hCG research. By introducing the hCG gene into host cells such as yeast or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, recombinant expression of hCG can be achieved. Synthetic hCG provides purer samples for structural and functional studies, facilitating deeper understanding of its mechanisms of action and enabling the development of more effective therapeutic approaches. Additionally, synthetic hCG can be used to prepare diagnostic reagents, enhancing the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis and monitoring related conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action for hCG?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMechanism in maintaining pregnancy: hCG is primarily produced by differentiated syncytiotrophoblast cells and serves as a crucial embryonic signal essential for sustaining pregnancy. It activates multiple signaling cascades by binding to the luteinizing hormone\/human chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR). Research by Nwabuobi C indicates that through direct or indirect interactions with the transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFβR), it activates maternal signaling pathways such as Smad2, protein kinase C (PKC), and\/or protein kinase A (PKA). In promoting uterine endothelial angiogenesis, hCG helps provide adequate nutrition and oxygen for embryonic development; In maintaining uterine myometrial quiescence, it creates a stable intrauterine environment conducive to embryo implantation and development; In promoting immune regulation at the maternal-fetal interface, hCG modulates the maternal immune system to prevent rejection of the embryo, ensuring successful pregnancy progression\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMechanism of action in improving endometrial receptivity: In vivo experiments using an embryo implantation dysfunction (EID) mouse model and human endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) revealed that hCG enhances endometrial receptivity in EID mice. hCG regulates the miR-126-3p\/PIK3R2 axis by promoting miR-126-3p expression and inhibiting PIK3R2, while miR-126-3p targets PIK3R2. EEC proliferation was enhanced after hCG treatment but inhibited when miR-126-3p was downregulated. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that hCG enhances endometrial receptivity and facilitates embryo implantation by activating the PI3K\/Akt\/eNOS pathway via the miR-126-3p\/PIK3R2 axis\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg class=\"graphic\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/blobs\/0839\/11895872\/7e71af987710\/KJM2-39-468-g005.jpg\" loading=\"lazy\" id=\"jats-graphic-1\" height=\"375\" width=\"709\" alt=\"FIGURE 1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 hCG improved endometrial receptivity in EID mice\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImpact of glycosylation on hormonal mechanisms: Studies on the glycosylated moiety of hCG indicate that removing different sugar residues from hCG derivatives differentially affects their binding capacity to rat Leydig cells and their ability to stimulate testosterone and cyclic AMP (cAMP) synthesis. With sequential removal of sialic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose residues, the effective hormone dose required to stimulate steroid production progressively increased, while the capacity to stimulate cAMP accumulation significantly decreased. Low-dose glycosidase-treated hormone derivatives exhibited additive effects when analyzed with hCG for their ability to stimulate testosterone synthesis. However, these derivatives were potent inhibitors of hCG-induced cAMP accumulation, suggesting that glycosylation removal minimally affects hormone-cell binding while diminishing the ability of bound hormones to activate adenylate cyclase. This further underscores the critical role of glycosylation in signal transduction within the hCG mechanism of action\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of hCG?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEarly pregnancy diagnosis: Synthetic hCG is used to prepare detection reagents. In clinical practice, pregnancy is determined by measuring hCG levels in a woman's urine or blood. Approximately 6–7 days after fertilization, trophoblast cells begin secreting hCG. As gestation progresses, hCG levels in both blood and urine rise rapidly. Using synthetic hCG as a standard allows for the precise establishment of a standard curve for detection reagents, enabling accurate quantification of hCG content in samples. For example, common pregnancy test strips rely on immunochromatography technology, where antibodies prepared from synthetic hCG specifically bind to hCG in urine, with a color reaction indicating pregnancy status. Typically, after a missed period, women can use such methods for preliminary pregnancy assessment, providing a basis for subsequent prenatal care and management\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonitoring pregnancy-related conditions: During pregnancy, tracking dynamic changes in maternal hCG levels aids in diagnosing and monitoring various pregnancy-related disorders. For example, in ectopic pregnancies, where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterine cavity, the trophoblastic cells develop abnormally. This results in lower hCG secretion compared to normal intrauterine pregnancies and a prolonged doubling time. Continuous monitoring of blood hCG levels, combined with ultrasound examinations, facilitates early detection of ectopic pregnancies. This allows for timely intervention and treatment, preventing severe complications. Additionally, for trophoblastic diseases like hydatidiform mole, hCG levels typically show abnormal elevation. Post-treatment, continuous hCG monitoring can assess therapeutic efficacy and detect recurrence. Persistently elevated or rising hCG levels indicate potential residual disease or relapse, necessitating further investigation and intervention \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the experimental advances regarding hCG?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContraceptive vaccines developed using the full β-subunit of hCG as the immunogen and a 37-amino acid peptide segment (C-terminus 109-145) as the immunogen have passed preclinical toxicity and safety trials and completed Phase I and Phase II clinical trials. In a comparative Phase I clinical trial involving 116 female volunteers who had undergone tubal ligation, three β-hCG-based vaccine formulations were tested. Results showed that all vaccinated women developed antibodies against hCG and tetanus, indicating these vaccines effectively stimulate the human immune response \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo achieve birth control and treat hormone-related diseases, researchers developed vaccines targeting hCG. Immunogens were prepared by linking synthetic peptides representing the natural primary structure of the hCG β-subunit to protein carriers. During development, researchers synthesized multiple peptides of varying lengths selected from the C-terminal region of the β subunit and tested their ability to induce antibodies capable of reacting with hCG and neutralizing its activity in vivo. Ultimately, a 37-amino acid peptide segment representing the C-terminal region of the β subunit was selected as the vaccine antigen. Diphtheria toxoid was chosen as the carrier, leading to the preparation of the first prototype vaccine. Following trials across multiple species, this vaccine successfully induced significant antibody levels against hCG, and a marked reduction in fertility was observed in immunized baboons. This provided new insights and potential approaches for human fertility control and related disease treatment \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a key glycoprotein hormone, hCG plays a central regulatory role in the reproductive system: in females, it acts by binding to the luteinizing hormone\/ chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) to sustain early pregnancy (supporting luteal progesterone secretion and creating a stable uterine environment), promoting oocyte maturation and ovulation, and enhancing endometrial receptivity to facilitate embryo implantation. In males, it stimulates Leydig cells to synthesize and secrete testosterone, aiding reproductive organ development and spermatogenesis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] Nwabuobi C, Arlier S, Schatz F, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Lockwood CJ, Kayisli UA. hCG: Biological Functions and Clinical Applications. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences\u003c\/em\u003e 2017; 18(10).DOI: 10.3390\/ijms18102037.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2] Wang W, Ge L, Zhang LL, et al. Mechanism of human chorionic gonadotropin in endometrial receptivity via the  miR-126-3p\/PI3K\/Akt\/eNOS axis. \u003cem\u003eKaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences\u003c\/em\u003e 2023; \u003cstrong\u003e39\u003c\/strong\u003e(5): 468-477.DOI: 10.1002\/kjm2.12672.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3] Moyle WR, Bahl OP, März L. Role of carbohydrate of human chorionic gonadotropin in the mechanism of hormone  action. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Biological Chemistry\u003c\/em\u003e 1975; \u003cstrong\u003e250\u003c\/strong\u003e(23): 9163-9169.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\u0026amp;db=pubmed\u0026amp;dopt=Abstract\u0026amp;list_uids=172504\u0026amp;query_hl=1\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\u0026amp;db=pubmed\u0026amp;dopt=Abstract\u0026amp;list_uids=172504\u0026amp;query_hl=1\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4] Talwar GP, Hingorani V, Kumar S, et al. Phase I clinical trials with three formulations of anti-human chorionic  gonadotropin vaccine. \u003cem\u003eContraception\u003c\/em\u003e 1990; \u003cstrong\u003e41\u003c\/strong\u003e(3): 301-316.DOI: 10.1016\/0010-7824(90)90071-3.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5] Stevens VC. Use of synthetic peptides as immunogens for developing a vaccine against human  chorionic gonadotropin. \u003cem\u003eCiba Found Symp\u003c\/em\u003e 1986; \u003cstrong\u003e119\u003c\/strong\u003e: 200-225.DOI: 10.1002\/9780470513286.ch12.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"654\" data-start=\"293\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"324\" data-start=\"321\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"659\" data-start=\"656\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"910\" data-start=\"661\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"678\" data-start=\"675\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-end=\"915\" data-start=\"912\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"1259\" data-start=\"917\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-end=\"937\" data-start=\"934\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10000 IU","offer_id":46576089661630,"sku":null,"price":75.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/HCG.jpg?v=1781291453"},{"product_id":"bacteriostatic-water","title":"Bacteriostatic Water","description":"\u003cp\u003eBacteriostatic Water 10mL is a sterile aqueous solution supplied by Humatide for laboratory research applications. Each unit is prepared under controlled conditions and inspected for consistency prior to packaging.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eProduct Specifications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eProduct:\u003c\/strong\u003e Bacteriostatic Water\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat:\u003c\/strong\u003e Sterile aqueous solution\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10ML","offer_id":46576094871742,"sku":null,"price":5.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/BacteriostaticWater.jpg?v=1781295552"},{"product_id":"oxytocin","title":"Oxytocin","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eOxytocin Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOxytocin is a nine-peptide hormone synthesized by neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 178.067px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 58.8px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 58.8px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 58.8px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eN(1)Cys-Gly-OH.H-Aad(1)-OH\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e43\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e66\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e12\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e12\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e1007.2 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e50-56-6\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e439302\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEndopituitrina\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eOxytocin Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the research background of Oxytocin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEarly Observations of Reproduction-related Phenomena: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAs early as ancient times, people noticed that the uterus of women would contract regularly during childbirth, and this contraction was crucial for the delivery of the fetus. However, at that time, it was unclear what substance mediated this contraction. With the development of medicine, people gradually began to explore the physiological mechanisms related to childbirth and reproduction, laying the foundation for the later discovery of oxytocin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimal Experiments and Preliminary Discovery: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn 1906, the British physiologist Henry Hallett Dale, when studying the reproductive physiology of animals, found that pituitary extracts could cause the contraction of uterine smooth muscles. This discovery initiated an in-depth study of the relationship between the pituitary gland and reproductive physiology. Subsequently, through a large number of experiments, scientists further determined that there was a certain substance in the pituitary gland that had the effect of promoting uterine contraction and milk ejection from the mammary glands.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsolation and Naming: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn 1953, Vincent du Vigneaud successfully isolated oxytocin from the posterior pituitary lobe of cows and determined its chemical structure, which is a polypeptide composed of 9 amino acids. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955 for his outstanding contributions in the field of biochemistry, especially his achievements in the research of peptide hormones. Since then, oxytocin has been recognized as a definite chemical substance, and its source has also been clearly identified as the posterior pituitary lobe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch at the Gene Level: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWith the development of molecular biology techniques, scientists have further studied the source mechanism of oxytocin in depth. It was found that oxytocin is synthesized by neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons synthesize the oxytocin precursor through the processes of gene transcription and translation, and then after a series of processing and modification, the bioactive oxytocin is finally formed. After synthesis, oxytocin is transported along the axons of neurons to the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary lobe) for storage. When the body needs it, it will be released into the bloodstream to exert its physiological effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the mechanism of action of Oxytocin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. The Mechanism of Action on Childbirth and Uterine Contraction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReceptor Regulation: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe oxytocin receptor (OTR) belongs to the rhodopsin-type (Class 1) superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. During pregnancy and childbirth, changes in receptor expression, desensitization, and local oxytocin concentration will regulate its function. For example, during childbirth, the increase in endogenous oxytocin levels will increase the expression of oxytocin receptors, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of the myometrium to oxytocin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCalcium Ion Regulation: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAfter receptor activation, a series of signal events will be triggered to stimulate uterine contraction, mainly by increasing the intracellular calcium ion (Ca⊃2;⁺) concentration\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e. This includes inositol-tris-phosphate-mediated calcium store release, store-operated Ca⊃2;⁺ entry, and voltage-operated Ca⊃2;⁺ entry. These changes in calcium ions will cause the contraction of myometrial cells, thus facilitating the delivery of the fetus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. The Mechanism of Action on Social Behavior\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeural Regulation: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOxytocin is mainly produced by the hypothalamus and plays an important role in the social behavior of mammals, including parental behavior, the formation of social relationships, and the management of experiences in response to stress\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e. It responds to stressors and plays a role in the regulation of the central and autonomic nervous systems, including effects on immune and cardiovascular functions. Currently, it is believed that oxytocin may affect social behavior by regulating neural circuits in the brain. For example, in the process of forming social relationships, oxytocin may promote the activity of neurons in specific brain regions, enhancing trust and a sense of closeness to others.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. The Mechanism of Action in Analgesia\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegulation of Physiological Processes: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOxytocin can relieve tension and pain without other adverse effects\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Current research shows that oxytocin may exert its analgesic effect by regulating the pain conduction pathway in the nervous system. For example, it may inhibit the transmission of pain signals or regulate the activity of regions in the brain related to pain perception and emotional responses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. The Mechanism of Action in Migraine\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReceptor Expression and Function: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the study of migraine, it was found that the oxytocin receptor (OTR) is widely expressed in the trigeminovascular system of rats \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e. Especially in the trigeminal ganglion, OTR is mainly expressed in Aδ sensory neurons and fibers, and a small number of OTRs in C fiber sensory neurons co-localize with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). OTR is also expressed in the caudal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. However, oxytocin has no effect on the potassium ion-induced release of CGRP from isolated trigeminal ganglia or trigeminal ganglion afferent fibers in the dura mater.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVascular Action: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePeripheral cranial arteries contract in response to oxytocin in vitro, and this response can be blocked by the OTR antagonist L368899. In addition, oxytocin immunoreactivity was found in satellite glial cells of the trigeminal ganglion, but oxytocin mRNA was not detected in the trigeminal ganglion. Therefore, circulating oxytocin is most likely to affect pain conduction by acting on OTRs in the trigeminal ganglion, which may help explain the influence of hormones in migraines and provide a new target for treatment\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" class=\"lazyloaded\" data-src=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\" data-original=\"https:\/\/website.leadong.com\/ueditor\/themes\/default\/images\/spacer.gif\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lkBpiKirljSRjlqlmpjqkq\/2.png\" class=\"lazyloaded\" data-src=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lkBpiKirljSRjlqlmpjqkq\/2.png\" data-original=\"\/\/inrorwxhkpmnlm5m-static.micyjz.com\/cloud\/lkBpiKirljSRjlqlmpjqkq\/2.png\" style=\"width: 700px; height: 558px;\" border=\"0\" height=\"558\" width=\"700\" alt=\"2\" title=\"2\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSource:PubMed\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of Oxytocin?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Applications in Obstetrics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoting Childbirth: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn obstetrics, oxytocin can be used to strengthen uterine contractions and promote childbirth. For some parturients with uterine atony, exogenous oxytocin can help achieve a successful vaginal delivery. For example, in some parturients with specific conditions, such as the mother having preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of membranes, the need to stimulate labor when the uterus is inactive, and inevitable or incomplete miscarriage in the second trimester, oxytocin is approved for prenatal use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Treatment of Chronic Pain\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eFor adults with chronic neuropathic, pelvic, and musculoskeletal pain, intranasal administration of oxytocin may have a certain effect on improving pain and function. In a placebo-controlled, triple-blind, sequential, within-subject crossover trial, patients self-administered three different doses of oxytocin nasal spray (24IU, 48IU, and placebo) twice a day for 2 weeks. The primary outcomes included pain and pain-related interference, and the secondary outcomes included emotional function, sleep disorders, and the overall impression of change. The intention-to-treat analysis will evaluate whether pain and physical function will be improved after treatment\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Effect on Sarcopenic Obesity in the Elderly\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn the elderly population, oxytocin may have a therapeutic effect on sarcopenic obesity. A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial conducted on 21 older adults (67.5 ± 5.4 years old), obese (30 - 43 kg\/m²), sedentary (less than 2 strenuous exercises per week), and with slow gait (less than 1m\/s, as a surrogate marker for sarcopenia) showed that intranasal administration of oxytocin (24IU, 4 times a day for 8 weeks) was well tolerated without any serious adverse events. Oxytocin significantly increased the whole-body lean body mass by 2.25kg, showing a significant difference compared with the placebo (P \u0026lt;.01), and had a trend of reducing fat mass. It also significantly reduced plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by -19.3mg\/dL (P =.023). However, there were no significant changes in body mass index, appetite scores, blood glucose, plasma high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, or depressive symptoms \u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Effect in Migraine\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eRecent clinical studies have found that oxytocin has an inhibitory effect on migraines and headaches. Studies have shown that the oxytocin receptor (OTR) is widely expressed in the trigeminovascular system of rats. In the trigeminal ganglion (TG), the expression of OTR was found especially in most A-delta sensory neurons and fibers. OTR is also expressed in the caudal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, which is the central target of TG afferent fibers. A small number of C fiber sensory neurons in TG express OTR and co-localize with the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). However, oxytocin has no effect on the potassium ion-induced release of CGRP from isolated TG or TG afferent fibers in the dura mater. In vitro, another peripheral TG target, the cranial artery, contracts in response to oxytocin, and this response can be blocked by the OTR antagonist L368899. Oxytocin immunoreactivity was found in TG satellite glial cells, but oxytocin mRNA was not detected in TG. Therefore, circulating oxytocin is most likely to act on OTRs in TG, thereby affecting pain transmission \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Effects on Gastrointestinal Motility and Secretory Activity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOxytocin (OT) shows multiple potential effects in regulating gastrointestinal motility and secretory activities. Research shows that OT can improve the gastrointestinal motility disorders caused by the antitumor drug vincristine (VCR), including slowed gastrointestinal transit and reduced response of isolated colon segments to electrical field stimulation. Exogenous OT pretreatment can significantly improve the inhibition of gastrointestinal motility by VCR and the damage to myenteric neurons. In addition, OT can also regulate gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility. By activating the hypothalamic-vagal oxytocinergic neural circuit, it can prevent stress-induced delayed gastric emptying and motility problems, and increase gastric tone and motility\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In terms of intestinal peristalsis, the OT\/OTR signal has a regulatory effect on intestinal peristalsis. The gastrointestinal transit time of OTR knockout (OTRKO) mice is faster than that of wild-type mice, and OT can inhibit the enteric nervous system (ENS)-dependent colonic migrating motor complex generated in vitro\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In terms of gastrointestinal secretory activities, OT regulates intestinal mucosal permeability and cell proliferation, plays a role in the maintenance of the intestinal mucosa, and has a protective effect on colitis\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c\/sup\u003e. These research results indicate that the OT\/OTR signal plays an important role in various functions of the gastrointestinal tract, including gastrointestinal motility, secretory activities, and mucosal protection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn conclusion, Oxytocin promotes the contraction of uterine smooth muscles and the secretion of milk from the mammary glands in the reproductive system, and at the same time regulates social behavior, emotions, and stress responses in the nervous system. In addition, oxytocin also regulates gastrointestinal motility and secretory activities, improves the gastrointestinal motility disorders caused by chemotherapy drugs, promotes gastric emptying, inhibits gastric acid secretion, and has a protective effect on gastric ulcers and colitis. Its multifunctionality makes it have important applications in reproduction, metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Li S, Shi Y, Zhu J, et al. Protective effect of oxytocin on vincristine-induced gastrointestinal dysmotility in mice[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2024,15. DOI: 10.3389\/fphar.2024.1270612\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Oxytocin[J]. Reactions Weekly, 2019,1735(1):206.DOI:10.1007\/s40278-019-56822-x.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Yang L, Chen K, Yin X, et al. The Comprehensive Neural Mechanism of Oxytocin in Analgesia[J]. Current Neuropharmacology, 2022,20(1):147-157.DOI:10.2174\/1570159X19666210826142107.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Krause D, Warfvinge K, Grell A, et al. Oxytocin as a regulatory neuropeptide in the trigeminovascular system: localization, expression and function of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors[J]. Faseb Journal, 2020,34.DOI:10.1096\/fasebj.2020.34.s1.03383.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Osilla E V, Patel P, Sharma S. Oxytocin[J]. 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29939625\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Rash J A, Campbell T S, Cooper L, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of intranasal oxytocin on pain and function among  individuals who experience chronic pain: a protocol for a multisite,  placebo-controlled, blinded, sequential, within-subjects crossover trial[J]. Bmj Open, 2021,11(9):e55039.DOI:10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055039.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[7] Espinoza S E, Lee J L, Wang C, et al. Intranasal Oxytocin Improves Lean Muscle Mass and Lowers LDL Cholesterol in Older  Adults with Sarcopenic Obesity: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial[J]. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2021,22(9):1877-1882.DOI:10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.04.015.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[8] Jiang Y, Travagli R A. Hypothalamic-vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuitry modulates gastric emptying and  motility following stress[J]. Journal of Physiology-London, 2020,598(21):4941-4955.DOI:10.1113\/JP280023.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[9] Welch M G, Margolis K G, Li Z, et al. Oxytocin regulates gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, macromolecular permeability, and mucosal maintenance in mice[J]. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 2014,307(8):G848-G862.DOI:10.1152\/ajpgi.00176.2014.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46577396252862,"sku":null,"price":50.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/Oxytocin_e2af3025-6847-4928-bdc9-dd40f9e82a9c.jpg?v=1781291651"},{"product_id":"pnc-27","title":"PNC-27","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003ePNC-27 Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePNC-27 is a chimeric p53 penetrating peptide consisting of a structural domain (residues 12-26) in the p53 protein that binds to HDM-2 and a transmembrane penetrating peptide sequence. It forms a transmembrane pore by binding to HDM-2 protein in cancer cell membranes, leading to membrane lysis and necrosis of cancer cells, while being non-toxic to normal cells. This selective mechanism has led to significant anticancer activity in a variety of cancer cells (e.g., breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, etc.). PNC-27 is unique in that its mechanism of action does not depend on the functional state of p53, which makes it potentially advantageous for the treatment of tumors that are refractory to conventional p53-dependent therapies. In addition, PNC-27 has shown synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel, further enhancing its therapeutic potential.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-lg font-bold text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\"\u003ePeptide Information\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 100%; height: 218.933px;\" class=\"bg-bg-100 min-w-full border-separate border-spacing-0 text-sm leading-[1.88888] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"border-b-border-100\/50 border-b-[0.5px] text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eProperty\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"text-text-000 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 99.6667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 99.6667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePeptide Sequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 99.6667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eH-D-Leu-D-Thr-D-Leu-D-Arg-D-Lys-D-Glu-D-Pro-D-Ala-D-Ser-D-Glu-D-Ile-D-Ala-D-Gln-D-Ser-D-Ile-D-Leu-D-Glu-D-Ala-D-Tyr-D-Ser-D-Gln-D-Asn-Gly-D-Trp-D-Ala-D-Asn-D-Arg-D-Arg-D-Ser-Gly-Gly-Lys-Arg-Pro-DL-Pro-DL-Pro-Arg-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg-Gly-OH\u003csub\u003e\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 21.2667px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eC\u003csub\u003e188\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e293\u003c\/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e53\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e44\u003c\/sub\u003eS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e4031.73 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e1159861-00-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003ePubChem CID\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19.6px;\" class=\"[tbody\u0026gt;\u0026amp;]:odd:bg-bg-500\/10\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 24.3943%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003eSynonyms\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 72.8231%; height: 19.6px;\" class=\"border-t-border-100\/50 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:-x-[hsla(var(--border-100) \/ 0.5)] border-t-[0.5px] px-2 [\u0026amp;:not(:first-child)]:border-l-[0.5px]\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003ePNC-27 Research\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new3\" id=\"prod_describe_new_3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_2\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the applications of PNC-27?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1, Treatment of leukemia:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePNC-27 is able to bind HDM-2 protein on the membrane of cancer cells and induce the formation of cytotoxic transmembrane pores. In a study of human non-stem cell acute myeloid leukemia cell lines, HDM-2 was found to be highly expressed in the membranes of U937 (acute monocytic leukemia), OCI-AML3 (acute granulomonocytic leukemia), and HL60 (acute promyelocytic leukemia) cells.PNC-27 binds to HDM-2 on membranes, and induces necroptosis and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) release within 4 hours. (LDH) release within 4 hours. Targeting HDM-2 on the cell membrane may be a potential strategy for the treatment of leukemia.PNC-27 exhibited significant anti-leukemic activity in several leukemia cell lines by targeting Membrane HDM-2 \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Induces tumor cell lysis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActs as an intact peptide:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eSeveral studies have shown that PNC-27 induces tumor cell lysis as an intact peptide rather than as a fragment. For example, in a study of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and untransformed MCF-10-2A mammary epithelial cells, cells were treated with PNC-27 with green fluorescently labeled amino terminus and red fluorescently labeled carboxy terminus. The results showed a distinct punctate yellow fluorescence on the cancer cell membrane at 30 min, indicating that the intact peptide was present on the cancer cell membrane and increased with cancer cell lysis. In contrast, untransformed MCF-10-2A cells initially showed uniform yellow membrane fluorescence, but then disappeared. Unlike cancer cells, these untransformed cells remained viable. This suggests that PNC-27 induces membrane cleavage in cancer cells by acting as an entire peptide, rather than a fragment\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBinding to HDM-2 to form pore structures:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePNC-27 contains an HDM-2-binding structural domain and a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) presequence, which induces the formation of pore structures by binding to HDM-2 on the cell membrane, leading to tumor cell lysis and necrosis. Conformational energy calculations showed that PNC-27 forms a complex with HDM-2 in a 1:1 ratio, with the leading sequence pointing away from the complex. Immunoscanning electron microscopy studies revealed the presence of multiple 6 nm and 15 nm labeled gold particles at a ratio of approximately 1:1 in the pores on the surface of cancer cells treated with PNC-27, suggesting that these complexes are important for pore structure. In contrast, no pores were formed in control, untransformed fibroblasts treated with PNC-27\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePancreatic Cancer:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe novel anticancer PNC-27 peptide induces necrosis of human pancreatic MiaPaCa-2 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, but is non-toxic to normal cells. Studies have shown that PNC-27, when combined with Gemzar, a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat pancreatic cancer, has a greater cytotoxic effect on MiaPaCa-2 cells than Gemzar or PNC-27 alone. This may be because the PNC-27-induced pores increase the permeability of cancer cells to Gemzar, allowing more Gemzar to target cancer cells \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOvarian Cancer:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3, HDM-2 protein is highly expressed at the cell membrane.PNC-27 co-localizes with HDM-2 at the cell membrane, leading to rapid cell necrosis. In contrast, in the non-transformed control cell line HUVEC, co-localization and cytotoxicity of PNC-27 was not observed due to minimal membrane HDM-2 expression\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eColon Cancer:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePNC-27 selectively kills colon cancer stem cells. In six colon cancer cell lines, PNC-27 co-localized with membrane HDM-2 and caused cell death (tumor cell necrosis, high LDH release, membrane associated protein V and cysteine 3 negativity) only in cancer cells. In vivo, PNC-27 causes necrosis of tumor nodules but does not affect normal tissue \u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Improved anti-tumor efficacy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBinding to Doxil:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIt has been found that PNC27 peptide, as a targeting ligand, can significantly enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of Doxil in HDM2-positive cancer cells. Different amounts of PNC27 peptide were inserted into Doxil, and flow cytometry and confocal analysis were performed on C26 colon cancer (HDM2-positive) and B16F0 melanoma (HDM2-negative) cells. The results showed that PNC27-Doxil exhibited significant cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in C26 cells, whereas these results were not observed in B16F0 cells. For example, PNC27-Doxil (100 PNC27 peptide) significantly increased the therapeutic efficacy of Doxil without affecting its biodistribution in C26 tumors \u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Synergistic treatment of ovarian cancer with paclitaxel\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003ePaclitaxel is widely used in the treatment of gynecological malignancies, but it targets tumor cells in the M phase of the cell cycle, with cells in other phases surviving and potentially leading to tumor recurrence.PNC-27 is a peptide synthesized from amino acids in the P53-MDM-2 binding domain that kills various cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Ovarian cancer ID8 cells exposed to paclitaxel were found to show increased expression of MDM-2 and increased sensitivity to PNC-27.The cytotoxic effect of PNC-27 is dependent on its binding to MDM-2, and blocking MDM-2 inhibits the killing effect of PNC-27. The heterodrug images of the dose combinations were synergistic, suggesting a synergistic effect between PNC-27 and paclitaxel \u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c\/sup\u003e. In an intraperitoneal model of ovarian cancer (ID8), the addition of PNC-27 to weekly paclitaxel administration significantly reduced tumor growth. These data demonstrate a synergistic effect between PNC-27 and paclitaxel, with PNC-27 targeting cell-surviving paclitaxel and improving its antitumor effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Treatment of primary epithelial ovarian cancer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eA study has established primary cultures of freshly isolated epithelial ovarian cancer cells from patients with newly diagnosed ovarian cystadenocarcinoma. One of them was from mucinous cystadenocarcinoma and the other was from high-grade papillary plasmacytoid carcinoma. The therapeutic efficacy of PNC-27 was quantitatively assessed by qualitative light microscopic observation and MTT cell proliferation assay as well as measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The results showed that PNC-27 inhibited the growth of human primary cancer cells freshly isolated from two ovarian epithelial carcinomas in a dose-dependent manner and was cytotoxic to them. The control peptide PNC-29 had no effect on primary cancer cells. In addition, PNC-27 is also cytotoxic to long-established and chemotherapy-resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c\/sup\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIn summary, PNC-27, as a novel anticancer peptide, shows significant potential for application in a variety of cancer therapies. In the field of leukemia, PNC-27 exhibited selective killing effects on acute myeloid leukemia (e.g., U937, OCI-AML3, and HL60 cell lines) and p53-deficient K562 cells, and achieved highly efficient antitumor effects by inducing cell necrosis and lactate dehydrogenase release. In the treatment of ovarian cancer, the combination of PNC-27 and paclitaxel showed a synergistic effect, which could significantly inhibit tumor growth and still have killing activity against chemotherapy-resistant cells. In addition, the combination of PNC-27 with liposomal drugs (e.g. Doxil) as a targeting ligand can enhance the specific delivery and anti-tumor efficacy of the drug to HDM2-positive tumor cells. Its inhibitory effect on primary epithelial ovarian cancer progenitor cells further validates the clinical translational value. Currently, PNC-27 has entered phase I clinical trials, and more clinical studies are needed to validate its safety and long-term efficacy, so as to promote it as an innovative solution for cancer treatment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"prod_describe_new_3\" class=\"prod_describe_new3\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod_describe_new_content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prodDetail-editor-container sliderTable\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 24px;\"\u003eRelevant Citations\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[1] Thadi A, Gleeson E M, Khalili M, et al. Anti-Cancer Tumor Cell Necrosis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines Depends on High Expression of HDM-2 Protein in Their Membranes[J]. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 2020,50(5):611-624. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33067207\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[2] Sookraj K A, Bowne W B, Adler V, et al. The anti-cancer peptide, PNC-27, induces tumor cell lysis as the intact peptide[J]. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 2010,66(2):325-331.DOI:10.1007\/s00280-009-1166-7.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[3] Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Mumin S, Cheung D, et al. PNC-27, a Chimeric p53-Penetratin Peptide Binds to HDM-2 in a p53 Peptide-like Structure, Induces Selective Membrane-Pore Formation and Leads to Cancer Cell Lysis[J]. Biomedicines, 2022,10(5).DOI:10.3390\/biomedicines10050945.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[4] Darban S A, Badiee A, Jaafari M R. PNC27 anticancer peptide as targeting ligand significantly improved antitumor efficacy of Doxil in HDM2-expressing cells[J]. Nanomedicine, 2017,12(12):1475-1490.DOI:10.2217\/nnm-2017-0069.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[5] Alagkiozidis I, Gorelick C, Shah T, et al. Synergy between Paclitaxel and Anti-Cancer Peptide PNC-27 in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer (Retraction of Vol 47, Pg 271, 2017)[J]. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 2017,47(4). https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28667027\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e[6] Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Gorelick C, Wagreich A R, et al. Ex vivo Efficacy of Anti-Cancer Drug PNC-27 in the Treatment of Patient-Derived Epithelial Ovarian Cancer[J]. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 2015,45(6):650-658. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26663795\/\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"654\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"324\"\u003eThis compound is provided exclusively for in vitro laboratory research. It is not intended for human or animal consumption, diagnosis, treatment, or medical use. Not for dietary, cosmetic, or veterinary purposes. This product has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or any other regulatory authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"659\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"910\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclaimer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"678\"\u003eAll information is for educational purposes only. Humatide makes no claims regarding efficacy or safety. Purchasers are responsible for ensuring proper handling and use in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"915\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"1259\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTerms of Sale\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"937\"\u003eBy purchasing from Humatide, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher with the knowledge and facilities to safely handle and store research chemicals. All sales are final. Humatide assumes no liability for misuse, misrepresentation, or unintended consequences arising from the use of this product.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Humatide","offers":[{"title":"10MG","offer_id":46629352112318,"sku":null,"price":200.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0748\/8667\/6670\/files\/PNC-27_15d130c3-38cc-469c-8b78-e2b00c113eb0.jpg?v=1781291558"}],"url":"https:\/\/shop.humatide.com\/collections\/frontpage.oembed","provider":"Humatide","version":"1.0","type":"link"}